THE RAISIN INDUSTRY. 



spurs of the last season are cut off just outside the inner canes, which 

 are cut back to spurs, the pruning each winter after this being done 

 to promote a regular system of spur renewal. As the vines become 

 older and stronger and can stand more cropping, more spurs are 

 left to increase the fruiting capacity of the plant. In course of time 

 the arms of the respective spurs are renewed and entirely new arms 

 and spurs are grown. The head of the vine should be kept well 

 balanced and given a globular form if possible. Some varieties on 

 which the lower eyes are not sufficiently productive may be improved 

 by increasing the length of the spurs and the 

 number of eyes, leaving four or even five eyes 

 to a spur, according to the variety of the vine. 



THE LONG, OR CANE, PRUNING SYSTEM. 



The long, or cane, pruning system is also in 

 general use in California. When vines are 

 trained according to this system the fruit is 

 borne on canes which are tied to a stake, the 

 spurs which are left to grow from them pro- 

 ducing canes for the following year. In prun- 

 ing, the canes which fruited the previous year 

 as well as the arms on which they grew are 

 entirely removed, the canes produced from the 

 spurs left the previous year furnishing the 

 fruiting canes and spurs needed (fig. 2). In 

 this manner the head of the vine is renewed 

 from year to year, and as the plants grow older 

 and stronger the fruiting capacity is increased 

 by leaving more canes and spurs. 



The Sultanina bears well only when pruned to 

 long canes. Provision should therefore be made 

 for the growth of new canes from the stump, to fig. 2.— a grapevine 

 furnish bearing canes for the following years. prunecl t0 canes - 



This is accomplished in priming by leaving short spurs of one or two 

 buds on the main stump from which to grow the canes. Frequently, 

 however, the spurs are so shaded by the foliage on the fruiting canes 

 that they do not always produce vigorous wood and often fail to grow. 

 To remedy this, two methods are employed; namely, (1) bending and 

 tying the fruiting canes to form a circle (fig. 3), and (2) training 

 the fruiting canes on horizontal trellises. The first method diminishes 

 the tendency of the sap to go to the end of the fruiting canes and 

 causes a greater number of shoots to start on the lower parts of them. 

 These shoots are not so strong, but are more fruitful. Another result 

 of the bending of the canes is that the sap pressure starts strong 



