18 BULLETIjS" 55, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 



winter and sawed into 4-foot sticks, which are piled and later hauled 

 to water or rail on sleds, there is generally no difference in the methods 

 of logging for pulp or lumber, except, perhaps, that the former is 

 marked by closer utihzation. The trees are usually cut do-wn and 

 topped off with the ax. Stumps run from 1.5 to 2 feet in height; 

 most are cut pretty close to the root swelling. Logs may be even 

 lengths up to 40 or 50 feet. In a pulp cut, however, the lengths are 

 not carefully measured. 



The stumpage price of balsam when not cut with spruce is in the 

 neighborhood of $3.50 per 1,000 board feet, while spruce stumpage 

 ranges from $4 to S7, a conservative average being about $5. Timber 

 more than one-half mile from a landing is yarded; that is, put in piles 

 of 20,000 to 50,000 board feet, and is hauled in February and March, 

 when the snow is good. Hauling costs 50 cents per 1,000 board feet 

 per mile. In addition, it takes four men at the yard to shovel snow off 

 the piles and help load. Three men are required at the landing to 

 mark and roU the logs. Each logger within one-half mile of a landing 

 hauls as many logs as possible direct to the landing without yarding ; 

 this saves the cost of handling the logs twice. Thus, while the cost 

 of hauling direct to the landing maynot be over $4 per 1,000 board feet, 

 yarding and then hauHng increases the cost .of getting out the logs 

 to the landing to about $7 per 1,000 board feet. This cost, however, 

 varies with the number and size of the logs, the distance to drag or 

 haul, and the ease with which the timber can be reached. Dense 

 undergrowth, necessitating the addition of one or more swampers to 

 the crew, wiU, for instance, increase the cost of getting logs to the 

 landing. 



From $6.50 to $7 ought to cover, on an average, the cost of getting 

 logs to the landing. Long drives, interrupted by large stretches of 

 dead water, make driving an important item in Maine. There are 

 two kinds of log drives, brook and river. In a brook drive the logs 

 are driven by the individual lumberman; river driving is done by a 

 corporation composed of the lumbermen who have logs in the river. 



Balsam is driven along with spruce and, except for its greater 

 sinkage on long drives, behaves in almost the same way. It seldom 

 causes a jam, for if a balsam log gets crosswise in a bad place it 

 usually breaks. Spruce, on the other hand, would hang and perhaps 

 start a jam. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT. 



In New Hampshire and Vermont methods of logging essentially 

 resemble those of !Maine, but in places acquire some of the New York 

 features of pulpwood cutting. Occasionally both are modified to 

 meet local conditions. 



