30 BULLETIN 1001, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



the only available range that may be used as winter range is really 

 yearlong range and cattlemen establish themselves thereon and 

 use it that way, or if cattlemen permanently occupy the yearlong 

 range that nearly always lies between the summer and winter range, 

 what becomes of the summer feed which cattle can not go after? 



The condition may be reversed. Cattlemen sometimes take their 

 stock up into the mountain forests in the summer and bring them 

 down onto the open, nearby plains in the winter — a common practice 

 in parts of Arizona. Suppose that bands of sheep have grazed 

 over these plains (which are yearlong range) during the summer, 

 and have eaten all the feed. What can the cattlemen do ? And 

 again, what becomes of the summer feed in the mountains if the 

 cattle must stay on the plains all the time to maintain possession? 



The answer to the question rests in no way upon the kind of 

 business that may be established in the region. Each has its ad- 

 vantages and its limitations. It is just as necessary that we produce 

 mutton and wool as that we should have beef and leather. In 

 many places either business can be maintained and in places where 

 the control of the range has been established long enough for the 

 producers to try out various policies, as in California and Texas, 

 many have found it profitable to run both kinds of stock on the same 

 range [12]. 



The influence of unprogressive men. — A man who is lazy, or a bad 

 manager, obstinate or quarrelsome, or merely lacks the capital for 

 necessary improvements, is a continual source of irritation to his 

 neighbors on an open range. He either can not or will not do the 

 right thing for the group to which he belongs. He does not develop 

 water where he should for his own stock, consequently they get 

 more water from his neighbors' watering places than their stock 

 get from his. He may be sincere in his belief that salting is not 

 necessary and his neighbors must buy all the salt. He is too impe- 

 cunious or "conservative" to buy good bulls, hence others are 

 paying for the building up of the grade of his herd and he is doing 

 all he can to keep the breed level down. 



There is no way to get along with such a man except to put him 

 where he and his business must suffer the consequences of such short- 

 sightedness ; i.e., on an inclosed range of his own. On an open range, 

 such a man very nearly standardizes the grade of business that may 

 be done by everybody, since his neighbors must carry him if they 

 standardize above him. He profits at their expense because of his 

 backwardness or stupidity. 



Low rate of increase. — On a stock range the only source of income 

 is the salable animals, the number of which is dependent upon the 

 size of the breeding herd and the percentage of increase obtained. 



