TENURE AND USE OF ARID GRAZING LANDS. 63 



of collective enterprise, for the benefit of communities or of individ- 

 uals forming them. During this stage great internal developments 

 took place and new cities and new States were erected. This was 

 also the stage during which great monopolies, largely based on control 

 of natural resources, etc., began to develop, with the characteristics 

 of the first stage still more or less dominant. The third stage upon 

 which we are now entered is one in which enterprise is largely collec- 

 tive and cooperative and should be directed toward the larger benefit 

 of communities and the people generally, however difficult it is to 

 realize this fully with our past inheritance. Larger social interests, 

 however, are being gradually realized. Conservation is the resound- 

 ing note. A difficulty is that under this new ideal, which must be 

 pronounced essentially democratic in spirit, there are still persisting 

 those individualistic elements so strongly encouraged during past 

 decades of national development. Furthermore, the frontier, in 

 some senses, still exists, and Western States and Territories, including 

 Alaska with its remarkable resources, still offer tremendous incentive 

 for the expression of the same characteristics observed in the past." 19 



In no place has this conflict of individual with group interest been 

 shown more strongly than in the national forests and on the open 

 ranges of the West, where pioneer conditions have obtained and the 

 weight of the struggle to utilize natural resources and organize a 

 productive business has fallen upon the individual. At the same time 

 the general Government, with the sanction of the great majority of 

 the people, has insisted that this development be of such a character 

 as to protect the interests of society instead of that kind of develop- 

 ment which will bring the greatest financial benefit to individuals. 



In the national forests, development has now progressed to a stage 



where even the most strenuous individualists are beginning to 



recognize that the present form of management is in many ways 



superior to that which they wished to perpetuate. The extension of 



the national forest plan is here proposed for the grazing ranges, 



and public opinion, so far as it is definitely formed, is in favor of this 



plan. The two outstanding results of the application of this system 



of control are that, while production is in no way reduced, the 



distribution of the benefits to be gained is more equable and most of 



the waste is avoided. 



APPENDICES. 



METHOD OF ALIENATING LANDS. 



Following are some tables which show in condensed form the statutory provisions 

 relating (1) to the disposal of lands in the Western States, (2) to the Atlantic & Pacific 

 Railroad land grant, (3) to lieu land selections, and (4) to Indian allotments. 



This summary will assist in understanding the details upon which the existing condi- 

 tions rest. 



19 Hill, Robert Tudor, "The Public Domain and Democracy," p. 217. 



