28 



BULLETIN 683^ V. S. DEPAETMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



low-grade lumber, while the other four industries buy little or none 

 of the No. 3 common for the manufacture of their products. This 

 grade is used largely for crating. 



Table 8. — Grades of elm used by different industries. 



Industry. 



Firsts 



and 



seconds. 



Common. 



No. 1. 



No. 2. 



No. 3. 



Vehicles . . 



Per cent. 

 24 

 27 

 50 

 23 

 30 



Per cent. 

 46 

 58 

 25 

 43 

 25 



Per cent. 

 28 

 15 

 25 

 34 

 16 



Per cent. 

 2 











Furniture . .... 





Agricultural implements 



29 







Average for 5 industries . . 



31 



39 



24 



6 







GRADING RULES FOR ELM. 



There are two sets of lumber-association rules under which elm is 

 graded: The Hardwood Manufacturers' Association rules, which ^re 

 used largely by manufacturers in the eastern and southeastern parts 

 of the hardwood region of the Eastern United States, and the 

 National Hardwood Lumber Association rules, which are used by 

 manufacturers throughout the central and western parts of the hard- 

 wood belt and by the Michigan Hardwood Manufacturers' Associa- 

 tion and the Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers' 

 Association. 



Under the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association rules the grade is 

 determined by an inspection of both sides of the board, and there are 

 five grades for elm: Firsts and seconds, No. 1 common, No. 2 common. 

 No. 3 common, and No. 4 common. Bright sap is admitted in all 

 grades. In firsts and seconds {FAS) the pieces must be 6 inches and 

 over wide and 8 feet and over long. A small number of specified 

 defects are allowed, depending on the width. In No. 1 common the 

 pieces must be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long. In 

 general they must work 66§ per cent clear face. No. 2 common 

 pieces are 3 inches and over wide, 4 feet and over long, and must work 

 at least 50 per cent into sound cuttings. No. 3 common pieces are 

 3 inches and over wide and 4 feet and over long and must contain 25 

 per cent sound cuttings. Black sap is not a defect in No. 2 and No. 

 3 common. No. 4 common is a lower grade, including all unsound 

 lumber capable of holding nails. It is used for cheap boxing, sheath- 

 ing, crating, etc. These rules apply to all species of elm. 

 " In the National Hardwood Lumber Association rules inspection is 

 made from the poor side of the piece, and there are separate grading 

 rules for soft (white) elm and rock (cork) elm. There are four grades : 

 Firsts and seconds, No. 1 common, No. 2 common, and No. 3 common. 



