UTILIZATION OF ELM. 29 



* 



Firsts and seconds is a combined grade made up of widths 6 inches 

 and over and lengths 8 to 16 feet. A smaU number of defects are 

 admitted, according to surf ace measure, as specified. Nos. 1, 2, and 



3 common are 3 inches and over wide and 4 feet and over long. No.' 

 1 must work 66| per cent clear face; No. 2, 50 per cent sound; and 

 No. 3, 25 per cent sound. Black spots and black streaks are defects. 



A general similarity is seen in these two sets of rules. Of course 

 inspection on the poor side of the piece raises the quahty of the 

 lumber in a particular grade. 



The National Hardwood Lumber Association grades cork elm 

 lumber, called "rock elm," under the same rules as hickory and pecan, 

 since they are largely manufactm^ed into the same products. Four 

 grades are specified: Firsts and seconds, No. 1 common, No. 2 com- 

 mon, and No. 3 common. Firsts and seconds are 4 inches and over 

 wide, and a specified number of defects is allowed according to 

 width and length of piece. No. 1 common is 4 inches and over wide, 



4 feet and over long, and must work 66f per cent clear face. No. 2 



common is 3 inches and over wide, 4 feet and over long, and must work 



50 per cent sound. No. 3 common is also 3 inches and over wide, 4 



feet and over long, and must contain at least 25 per cent of sound 



cuttings. 



LUMBER AND STUMPAGE VALUES. 



LUMBER PRICES. 



Table 9 gives the average value of elm lumber f. o. b. mills for 

 different States and years as given in manufacturers' reports on 

 annual lumber production. Tables 10 and J.1 give the average 

 wholesale price f. o. b. mill from 1909 to 1916, inclusive, for different 

 grades of soft and rock elm lumber in various States. The tables 

 are based on reports to the Forest Service of actual sales by a num- 

 ber of the largest manufacturers in the different States. Prices are 

 quoted for lumber 1 inch (4/4) thick of the different grades, and for 

 mill run, which consists of all grades combined. 



The 1917 wholesale prices of different grades of soft and rock ehn 

 lumber in the principal centers of its distribution are given in Table 

 12. Table 13, which is based on actual sales, gives average whole- 

 sale prices of different grades of soft and rock elm lumber f. o. b. 

 mills in Wisconsin. These prices apply to lumber practically aU of 

 which is manufactured and graded according to the National Hard- 

 wood Lumber Association's grading rules. 



