BULLETIN 690^ U. S. DEPAORiTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



In the transportation of cream by railroad to 40 centralizing 

 creameries, the average cost was reported to be 1.63 cents per pound 

 of butter fat. This, however, did not include the country collecting 

 or delivery cost incurred by the farmer in the delivery of his cream 

 to the receiving or shipping station. . 



BUYING OF CREAM BY GRADE. 



The infrequency of delivery of cream to creameries and other 

 factors have resulted in the marketing of considerable cream of in- 

 ferior quality. A number of cream- 

 eries, recognizing the relation of poor 

 cream to poor butter, which on the 

 market sells at lower price (see fig. 1), 

 have sought to encourage more fre- 

 quent deliveries by establishing 

 grades for cream and by paying dif- 

 ferent prices for the A^arious grades. 

 About 15 per cent of the creameries 

 in Minnesota from which information 

 regarding cream grading was ob- 

 tained had employed a grading sys- 

 tem. Usually two grades were em- 

 ployed and a premium of 2 or 3 

 cents per pound of butter fat was 

 paid for the better grades of cream. 

 Many creameries reported that they 

 were in favor of grading and in- 

 tended to adopt such a system. 



The general opinion of those cream- 

 eries which had graded their cream 

 was that the quality of the cream 

 received had been greatly improved. 

 Those which had noted the effect of 

 cream grading on the price received 

 for their butter stated that an in- 

 crease had been obtained. Eight 

 creameries which churned the first 

 and second grade cream separately 

 showed an average increase in price 

 of 3.6 cents per pound for the butter churned from the first grade 

 cream. At some creameries, the -patrons who supplied second-grade 

 cream objected to the grading system and in some cases a few patrons 

 had been lost. 



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Fig. 1. — Average monthly quotations 

 on the New York market for va- 

 rious classes and grades of butter 

 for the year 1914. 



