MARKETING PRACTICES OF CREAMERIES. 7 



make full cars for separate destination, which resulted in quicker 

 time in transit to the final destination. The through rate to eastern 

 points was a combination rate on St. Paul or Chicago. The second- 

 class rate applied to that portion of the routing east of St. Paul or 

 Chicago, and was the same for carload and less-than-carload ship- 

 ments, so that the through carload rate was very little lower than the 

 through less-than-carload rate. 



Fig. 2. — Consolidating less-than-carload shipments destined to the same market into 



one car. 



SHRINKAGE OF BUTTER FROM CREAMERY TO MARKET. 



Shrinkage is usually considered as the difference between the weight 

 of butter at the creamery and at the market. Since only tub butter 

 is sold on the weight-at-market basis, the investigations were confined 

 to this style of package. Prior to the date on which the net weight 

 amendment to the Federal food and drug act became effective many 

 creameries did not weigh their butter carefully before shipping. This 

 amendment requires that the net weight of each package be marked 

 upon it. If the weight is overmarkecl the creamery becomes liable 



