BULLETIN 527, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



Fig. 14.— Methods of sharpening tools. 



stone or emery wheel, bevel side down, and grind until a thin wire 

 edge is seen; next, rub them on the oilstone, first on the bevel side 

 and then flat on the stone with the bevel side up. Repeat until 

 the wire edge disappears and the edge becomes sharp. 



Saws must be sharp. The sharpening is not an easy matter, and 

 pupils should be aided by some one who has had experience in doing 



this work. 



TERMS USED IN WOODWORKING. 



Certain terms are used in de- 

 scribing woodworking operations. 

 These are (1) cutting the stock or lumber, (2) squaring up the stock, 

 (3) laying out the work, (4) cutting to lines, and (5) assembling the 

 parts. 



By cutting the stock is meant the getting of the rough pieces of 

 lumber ready to make the article. For finishing, add one-sixteenth 

 inch to the thickness, one-eighth inch to the width, and one-half inch 

 to the length of each piece. The width and thickness of rough lumber 

 are always somewhat less than the stated dimensions. For example, 

 a so-called inch board is usually seven-eighths inch in thickness. This 

 must be kept in mind when cutting stock. Always try to avoid waste. 

 To do this one must measure and calculate carefully before cutting 

 the pieces. 



Squaring up the stock means making the rough piece into one that 

 has smooth, flat, straight sides that are at right angles and that is of 

 the desired length, breadth, and thickness. 

 The term "finished stock" is applied to 

 stock that has been squared up. When 

 squaring up stock you should establish 

 a working face and a working edge. To 

 establish a working face plane the board 

 on one side. When planing place the board 

 on the bench with the grain of the wood 

 away from you and push it against the 

 bench stop; begin planing along one edge of the face, take a stroke 

 the length of the board, and continue in this way, moving across 

 the piece. Test the surface by means of the try square. This is 

 done [by placing the edge of the square on the planed surface as 

 shown in figure 15, moving it about, and noticing if it touches at all 

 points. If the face is not smooth, as indicated by the try square, 

 continue planing until it is. This smooth face is the working face. 

 Mark it with a cross (X) or some other mark to distinguish it. 



The working edge is obtained by planing one edge until it is smooth 

 and square with the working face. To test the edge, place the beam 



Fig. 15. — Testing the surface. 



