MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY IN HAWAII. 7 



tified the "fruit fly" as " C. capitata." Ballou has since denied in 

 correspondence that C. capitata was the insect in question. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 



Dr. L. O. Howard first identified the Mediterranean fruit fly from 

 South America from specimens reared from peaches sent him by 

 Dr. H. von Ihering in 1901. Compere, in 1904, and Lounsbury, in 

 1905, found the pest in the States of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. 

 In 1906 Hempel states that C. capitata was the most common of the 

 fruit flies attacking peaches in Sao Paulo. 



In writing of fruit culture in Argentina in 1905, Lounsbury states 

 that peaches near Buenos Aires were badly affected by an unde- 

 termined species of fruit fly which he thought likely to be Ceratitis 

 capitata. ShVestri definitely records C. capitata from Buenos Aires, 

 presumably as a result of this statement of Lounsbury. 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 



The Mediterranean fruit fly was first observed in the Hawaiian 

 Islands by Mr. D. T. Fullaway, who captured a living adult in the 

 insectary at the U. S. Department of Agriculture Experiment Station 

 on June 21, 1910. During the following September another adult 

 was captured by Terry and Perkins on the laboratory windows of 

 the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Observations made in 

 the field during September by Terry showed that the pest was already 

 established in the Punchbowl district of Honolulu on oranges and 

 limes, and from that time new records of infestation were rapidly 

 brought to light. By October, 1911, the pest had already become 

 established on the island of Kauai, and was known to exist on Molokai 

 at least by January, 1912, when it was first recorded from the Kohala 

 district of the island of Hawaii. During March, 1912, specimens of 

 infested coffee cherries were reported from the Kona district of 

 Hawaii. The first records of establishment in the Puna district of 

 Hawaii were made during March, 1913, when infested oranges and 

 peaches were found at Naalehu and Hilea. Peaches were not 

 reported infested in the Hilo district of Hawaii until the spring of 

 1914, but soon after infestations were found throughout the Hilo 

 and Hamakua districts. The fruit fly was found established on the 

 Island of Maui by May, 1912. By July, 1914, the Mediterranean 

 fruit fly had spread to every important island of the Hawaiian group, 

 and at present is well established in every village and wild guava 

 scrub examined by the writers. Judging from the rapidity with 

 which this pest has spread throughout new districts in Hawaii, the 

 writers agree with Ehrhorn that the pest secured its first foothold 

 in Hawaii at Honolulu about 1907, although there are several well- 

 informed horticulturists in Honolulu who believe establishment 

 occurred even one or two years earlier. 



