MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY IN HAWAII. 19 



in the manufacture of marmalade. The establishment of C. capitata 

 in both the eastern and western parts of the Australian continent 

 is traceable to the development of cold storage and rapid ocean 

 transportation which made possible the large exports of citrus fruits 

 from the Mediterranean region to Australia. Kirk records the 

 receipt at Auckland, New Zealand, of a case of peaches from Cape 

 Colony which contained living larvae, although they had been en route 

 in cool storage for four weeks. The same writer intercepted 47 cases 

 of infested apples at Wellington, New Zealand, imported from New 

 South Wales. Lea, in 1908, states that larvae of C. capitata were 

 seen in numbers every year in fruit imported into Tasmania from 

 Sydney. The establishment of this pest in the Bermudas and South 

 America is beyond doubt the result of the importation of infested 

 fruit from Mediterranean regions. Increased knowledge of fruit 

 flies and the quarantines in force in several countries now make the 

 introduction of this pest in consignments of fruits less likely. 



The vigilant work of the quarantine officials at the Pacific ports of 

 the United States, however, demonstrates the grave danger that still 

 exists of introducing the Mediterranean fruit fly in ships' stores. 

 Instances of the discovery and destruction of the pest in fruits in 

 ships' stores on vessels entering the port of San Francisco during the 

 past four years are recorded in the reports of Frederick Maskew, 

 chief quarantine officer of the California Horticultural Commission 

 and collaborator of the Federal Horticultural Board. 



TOURISTS. 



The desire on the part of tourists to carry to their friends at home 

 specimens of exotic fruits is at the present time the most likely 

 avenue for the introduction of this fruit fly into California as well as 

 the southern United States. • This has been clearly proved not only 

 by the large variety of host fruits offered for inspection at Honolulu, 

 but by the interceptions at the California ports. To the quarantine 

 officer the tourist is a difficult problem. Fruits carried in containers 

 are easily observed, but smaller fruits are found with difficulty. 

 Strong, in 1913, discovered in the overcoat pocket of a tourist landing 

 at San Francisco infested nuts of the winged kamani ( Terminalia 

 catappa), which were intended for planting in southern California. 

 In like manner infested coffee cherries were found at Honolulu in the 

 pocket of a gentleman about to sail during February, 1916, from 

 Honolulu direct to San Pedro, Cal. 



DISSEMINATION ON LAND BY PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONVEYANCES. 



On land, railroads, automobiles, hawkers' carts, carriages, etc., 

 are all responsible for much spread. The fact that host fruits only 

 slightly infested appear normal to the average man leads to the pur- 



