MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY IN HAWAII. 83 



July, 1912, and arrived at Honolulu May 16, 1913. During this time 

 he searched for parasites in the West African States of Senegal, French 

 Guinea, Nigeria, Kamerun, Gold Coast, Dahomey, the Kongo, and 

 Angola; also in South Africa and in Australia. It is needless to say 

 that Dr. Silvestri was unable to make a complete survey of fruit-fly 

 conditions during so short a time, yet his investigations were success- 

 ful, not only because they cleared the way for the Fullaway-Bridwell 

 expedition, but also because they resulted in the introduction and 

 establishment of Opius liumilis and Diachasma tryoni. Messrs. D. T. 

 Fullaway and J. C. Bridwell sailed from Honolulu on the second expe- 

 dition during June, 1914, and arrived at Lagos, Nigeria, on July 24. 

 On August 19 Mr. Fullaway took the parasitized material collected by 

 the expedition at Olokemeji, near Lagos, and sailed for Teneriffe, 

 Canary Islands, where he was able to use C. capitata in rearing addi- 

 tional specimens of the parasites emerging from the Nigeria material. 

 With fresh material, Fullaway sailed from Teneriffe September 27 for 

 Hawaii via Havana, Key West, Jacksonville, New Orleans,.and San 

 Francisco, arriving at Honolulu on October 27. On arrival he had 

 living material of Tetrasticlius giffardianus, Diachasma fullawayi, Opius 

 sp., and Spalangia sp. 



Mr. Bridwell proceeded from Lagos with an excellent supply of 

 parasitized material, particularly of what appeared to be a new opiine 

 collected at Olokemeji during the period August to October, 1914, to 

 Honolulu via Cape Town and Australia. Unfortunately, he was 

 overtaken before reaching Cape Town with a severe illness which 

 necessitated stops for recuperation in South Africa and Australia of 

 sufficient duration to make it impossible for him to bring living 

 parasites with him to Hawaii. 1 



It has already been stated that early in 1914 Mr. D. T. Fullaway 

 introduced at Honolulu a species of dung-fly parasite, Pachycrepoidius 

 dubius Ashm. (PI. XX, fig. 2) which was reared in small numbers 

 by the writers from C. capitata pupae during 1915. 



Tetrastichus giffardianus Silv. 



Tetrastichus giffardianus Silv. was confused with T. giffardii Silv., 

 both in the mind of its author and in those of entomologists in 

 Hawaii. The latter species was first reared from Ceratitis colae by 

 the entomologist (1912-13) of the agricultural station at Aburi, Gold 

 Coast, Africa. These specimens were identified by Dr. Silvestri as 



1 For full accounts of these parasite expeditions one should consult: Report on an Expedition to Africa 

 in Search of the Natural Enemies of Fruit Flies. F. Silvestri. Bull. 3, Haw. Bd. Agr. and Forestry, 

 Feb., 1914; Report of the Work of the Inseetory. D. T. Fullaway. In Rept. Div. Ent. Haw. Bd. 

 Agr. and For., for the biennial period ending Dee. 31, 1914. 



