36 BULLETIN 550, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Chautauqua system. — This is the system used most frequently in the 

 Erie-Chautauqua grape belt. The stem reaches only to the lowest 

 wire from which permanent arms to suppport the canes are carried 

 right and left along the lower wire. The canes, usually about 4, are 

 carried upward and tied to the upper wire or wires. 



High-renewal system. — The head of the vine reaches only the lowest 

 wire of the trellis, and the canes are tied right and left along this 

 wire. The fruiting shoots growing from these canes are trained 

 upright and fastened to the wires overhead. 



Four-cane Kniffin system. — The stem is carried directly to the top 

 wire of a two-wire trellis. Two canes about the level of each wire 

 are tied right and left along each wire. 



Umbrella system. — This system differs chiefly from the Kniffin in 

 that two canes are left instead of four. They are started at the upper 

 wire and the extremities are tied down to the lower wire. 



Four-cane Munson system. — This system differs from the others 

 mentioned in that it requires an overhead trellis. Across the top of 

 each post a crossbar 20 inches long is fastened and outer wires are 

 fastened at the ends of these crossbars, while an inner wire is fas- 

 tened to the post about 6 inches lower down. A single stem is carried 

 to the inner wire and four canes are left, one carried in each direction 

 along each wire. 



Two regular first-brood applications with "trailers" were made. 

 Vines trained according to any of these systems could be sprayed 

 thoroughly and the difference in final counts is not significant, but 

 the ease with which the applications were made is of considerable 

 importance. 



The Kniffin and Munson systems were much the easier to spray. 

 The time required was about 15 per cent less than that required for 

 the Chautauqua system. These systems had the advantage of having 

 no upright shoots or canes to interfere with a free action of the spray 

 rod. The fruit, although well protected by leaves above at the time 

 of spraying, was well exposed below. The bunches hung, in the 

 Kniffin system in two layers, one below each wire, and in the Munson 

 system just below the trellis, and consequently were easy to find. 

 The Munson system had the disadvantage of producing a dense 

 shade, and consequently favoring grape-berry moth infestation. 



In contrast to this, the Chautauqua system presented the disad- 

 vantage of upright canes, which interfered with free action of the 

 spray rod and with fruit arising from anywhere up and down these 

 canes. The clusters were well protected by leaves and often isolated, 

 and greater care was necessary in finding them and covering them 

 with spray. 



