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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

 BULLETIN No. 536 



Contribution from Bureau of Entomology 

 L. O. HOWARD, Chief 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER 



January 26, 1918 



THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY 

 IN HAWAII 



By 



E. A. BACK, Entomologist, and C. E. PEMBERTON, 



Assistant Entomologist, Mediterranean and 



other Fruit-Fly Investigations 



CONTENTS 



Introduction . 1 



Common Names 2 



Origin 2 



Distribution 3 



Source of Hawaiian Infestation .... 8 

 Conditions Favorable to Establishment in 



the Hawaiian Islands 9 



Climatic Conditions 9 



. Host Conditions 11 



Economic Importance 15 



Page 



Injury * . 16 



Methods of Spread 18 



Host Fruits 21 



Fruits Erroneously Listed as Hosts . 22 



Proven Hosts in Hawaii ..... 24 



Life History and Description ..... 49 



Seasonal History 75 



Natural Control 77 



Artificial Control 101 



Summary 116 



WASHINGTON 

 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



1918 



& 



