BULLETIN OF THE 



ti 



No. 98. 



Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry, A. D. MelvijQ, Chief. 

 August 14, 1914. 



(PROFESSIONAL PAPER.) 



THE APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION TO THE 

 HANDLING OF MILK. 



By John T. Bowen, Technologist, Dairy Division. 



INTRODUCTION. 



In the following pages an attempt has been made to discuss briefly 

 the various applications of refrigeration, both when employing ice 

 and refrigerating machinery, in the operation of the modern milk 

 plant, creamery, or dairy, and to discuss in each instance the methods 

 most commonly used in the latest and best equipped plants. 



While refrigeration has made considerable advancement in dairy- 

 ing in the last few years, even more progress could have been made 

 had more owners and operators of milk plants, creameries, and dairies 

 been fully aware of the many advantages to be derived from the use 

 of proper refrigeration. It is further believed that the manufacturers 

 of refrigerating machinery are not familiar with the special conditions 

 existing in this industry. Therefore the object of this bulletin is to 

 be of service to the manufacturer of refrigerating machinery as well 

 as to those employed in the dairy industry. 



It is not intended to give in detail the size and arrangement of 

 refrigerating equipment necessary in plants of various capacities, as 

 the conditions vary to such an extent that to do so would be impossi- 

 ble, but to state briefly the elementary principles of refrigeration and 

 refrigerating machinery and to describe what is recognized as the best 

 and most modern practice in the industry and to leave the details in 

 each case to those on the premises, who are better able to judge and 

 to modify the suggestions given herein to suit the existing conditions. 



It is a well-known fact that heat and cold perform very impor- 

 tant duties in handling milk and milk products. In pasteurizing milk 



Note. — Discusses the application of refrigeration in the operation of the modern milk plant and describes 

 the various forms of mechanical and other systems of cooling. Of interest to producers, shippers, dealers, 

 and consumers of milk generally, and also to manufacturers of refrigerating machinery and appliances. 



40083°— Bull. 98—14 1 



