LXTPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. 35 



the rate of the pulse, respiration, and temperature of sheep No. 185 

 are fairly typical of the changes which ordinarily take place. 



Associated with the condition of excitement there is frequently 

 more or less violent trembling. Nausea is not often exhibited. 

 Bloating occurs in some cases, probably being more Hkely to occur 

 when the sheep eat very largely of lupine leaves. 



Especially characteristic of lupine poisoning are: (1) Excitement, 

 leading to running about and butting into other objects; (2) con- 

 vulsions, accompanying the attacks of dyspnoea ; and (3) heavy breath- 

 ing, sometimes accompanied by snoring. 



There is considerable variation in the length of time which elapses 

 between the feeding of lupine and the incidence of symptoms of poison- 

 ing. In some cases symptoms appeared in 1 or 2 hours, while there 

 were other cases in which nearly 24 hours passed before symptoms 

 were noticed. It is evident that rumination does not necessarily 

 precede the symptoms ; in fact, there was no evidence that rumination 

 occurred in any of the experimental sheep, although as they were not 

 under constant observation it could not be said positively that rumi- 

 nation never took place. 



It can be seen from the experimental work that sheep upon the 

 range, when poisoned by lupine, may not exhibit symptoms until 

 they have left the source of their trouble far behind. 



In the autopsies, the peripheral blood vessels were found strongly 

 congested. The left heart was usually strongly contracted, and upon 

 the surface of the heart in most cases were petechias. The lungs were 

 congested, and sometimes the liver. The blood vessels of the brain 

 were somewhat congested, and generally the blood vessels of the inner 

 waU of the ileum were more or less congested. 



The immediate cause of death is evidently respiratory paralysis. 

 Death may follow very quickly after the first symptoms, or the ani- 

 mals may live for 2 or 3 days. 



As noted in the description of the experiments of intraperitoneal 

 injection of lupine extracts in mice, the animals died of respiratory 

 paralysis, showing symptoms which were comparable with those ex- 

 hibited by sheep. 



The preceding details of symptoms are those exhibited by sheep. 

 The experiments with horses were so few that no complete picture 

 can be given. The distinct symptoms noted were twitching of the 

 surface muscles, constipation, dullness, and a tendency when walking 

 to lift the fore feet high. 



Dr. A. D. Knowk's, of Butte, Mont., has recently treated some 

 interesting cases of lupine poisoning of horses. Dr. KjiowIcs has 

 made a very careful study of these cases and has done some experi- 

 mental fi'fding, making autopsies and liaving microscopic prepara- 

 tions made of tlie diseased organs. These horses exhibited symptoms 



