CONVICT LABOR FOR ROAD WORK. 77 



therefore evident that some means must be provided of stormg the 

 water dm^ing the night for use during the day. If the source be a 

 mountain brook, this may be done by constructing a dam which will 

 impound the necessary amount of water. If it be a spring, the water 

 may be stored by excavating a reservoir around it, or by construct- 

 ing a concrete reservoir, while if a dug well be the source, the water 

 may be impounded in any desired quantity in the well itself by car- 

 rying the well for the necessary distance below the water-bearing 

 stratum or soil, and by making the diameter of the well sufficiently 

 great. The dimensions of a driven well, on the other hand, are not 

 sufficient to furnish such a reservoir and, therefore, unless the well 

 be a so-called flowing weU, in which case the water may be impounded 

 in a reservoir above ground, it is necessary that the flow of the well 

 be sufficient to supply the draft as required. 



Distribution, Pumping, Etc. 



The flow of water being sufficient for the needs of the camp, and 

 sufficient storage or reservoir capacity having been provided, the 

 next matter to receive consideration is the manner of distribution 

 from the reservoir to the various parts of the camp. 



The most primitive method is to have the water carried in pails 

 or tubs by members of the camp force, and this method was in use 

 in a number of camps visited. But it is very wasteful of time 

 and lab'or, and unless the camp is expected to be of the most tem- 

 porary character, more economical and convenient means should be 

 provided. 



In mountainous or hiUy sections it happens frequently that the 

 source, whether brook or spring, can be selected at a greater eleva- 

 tion than that of the camp, and under these conditions- it is only 

 necessary to lay a pipe line and the water will flow to all parts of 

 the camp by gravity. This is simplest and cheanest and, when natural 

 conditions permit, should be adopted. 



However, when the natural conditions are not so favorable, and 

 when it is desired to ehminate the carrying of water, one of three 

 methods must be adopted, namely, the elevated tank, the hydro- 

 pneuxnatic tank, or the pneumatic-pump methods- 



Elevated-tank Method. 



In the elevated-tank method water is forced into the tank from 

 a lower level by means of a pump or ram and is discharged therefrom 

 by gravity. "As there is considerable frictional resistance to the 

 flow of water through the distribution pipes, the tank should be placed 

 at least 10 feet higher than the highest discharge cock to insure a 

 flow under pressure."^ 



' From bulletin No. 57, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, "Water Supply, Plumbing, and Sewage Dis- 

 posal (or Country Homes." 



