CONVICT LABOR FOR ROAD WORK. 87 



To determine the number of gallons delivered per day under any- 

 given conditions of power head, pumping head, and quantity of water 

 used by the ram, multiply the factor opposite the given power head 

 and under the given pumping head by the given number of gallons 

 used per minute by the ram; and, vice versa, to determine the num- 

 ber of gallons per minute necessary to pump a given supply in 24 

 hours, divide the factor in the table into the supply. 



Thus, in the above example, the supply required every 24 hours is 

 1,800 gallons. The power head is 14 feet, and the pumping head is 

 200 feet. Opposite 14 and under 200 in the table is 67. Dividing 

 1,800 by 67 the requisite flow through the ram is found to be 26.9 gal- 

 lons per minute, as compared with 23.8 gallons determined by the 

 formula above. Both results are approximate, and more accurate 

 figures can be obtained only by a careful consideration of the length 

 of the dehvery pipe and the pipe friction. However, for the purpose 

 of a prelimmary determination of the practicability of a ram installa- 

 tion either method will provide sufficiently close results. 



When it is determined to use a hydraulic ram precise instructions 

 for the proper installation, operation, and care of the particular ram 

 to be used should be obtained from its manufacturer, and these 

 instructions should be followed carefully. 



PLUMBING. 



All piping used in connection with the water supply should be of 

 iron, not lead, and the system should be so arranged that the water 

 is carried to the point of discharge in as nearly a straight line as 

 possible. 



The main pipe from the storage tank never should be less than 1 

 inch in diameter, and for camps of 40 men should be 1^ inches in 

 diameter. For camps of the latter size the branch pipes to the 

 kitchen sink, wash trough, and shower fixtures should be not less 

 than I inch in diameter. 



All pipes should be laid on sufficient slant to drain them back into 

 the tank or drainage system, and a drain pipe and cock should be 

 provided at a low point in the system so that in extremely cold 

 weather the system may be drained into the cesspool or the tank to 

 prevent freezing. This necessitates a stop cock on the pressure- 

 tank outlet to prevent draining the tank. 



Pipes exposed to the outer air or located where there is any danger 

 of freezing should be boxed in. sawdust or some other nonconducting 

 material. 



Hot water for kitchen purposes can be heated most conveniently 

 and cheaply on the Idtchen range, but for lavatory and shower bath it 



