WESTEEN YELLOW PINE IN OREGON. 39 



of them are large enough to produce seed, and will serve for this pur- 

 pose in case an accidental surface fire gets into the out-over area and 

 kills off the advance reproduction of seedlings and small saplings. 



Where the yellow pine occurs in small groups in which all the trees 

 are of an even age, the cutting should be to a certain extent group- 

 wise, it being an object to cut out in toto the groups of very old trees 

 and leave almost intact the groups of very thrifty trees. The clean-cut 

 gaps should not be made large, since it is wise not to open up the stand too 

 heavily and allow drying winds to get at the soil, or chaparral to come 

 in and occupy the ground to the exclusion of young yeUow pines. 



While the selection method of cutting makes the cost of logging a 

 Httle greater than it would be were every merchantable tree cut, this 

 increase is partly, if not wholly, compensated for by the fact that 

 the average value of the trees cut by this system is higher. The 

 "buU pines" that are left, though merchantable, are so heavy, 

 knotty, and sappy that they are not so profitable for the lumberman 

 to pay stumpage for and to manufacture as the older "yeUow pines." 

 In Appendix C (see p. 46) are given, in fuU, '^ Instructions for marking 

 timber in the yeUow-pine region. District 6," which are in effect in the 

 administration of timber sales on the National Forests of Oregon. In 

 contracts for the sale by the Department of Agriculture of yellow-pine 

 stumpage, clauses similar to the following are being used in order to 

 proTide for the cutting of the timber by the permittees according to 

 the methods described above : 



It is agreed that this sale includes all the merchantable dead timber standing and 

 down on the areas designated for cutting by the forest officer, and not less than 85 per 

 cent by volume of the total stand of merchantable live timber in trees 12 inches and 

 over in diameter at a point 4|- feet above the ground on such designated areas,, to be 

 marked for cutting by the forest officer in charge. 



No unnecessary damage shall be done to young growth or to trees left standing, and 

 no trees shall 1)e left lodged in the process of felling. Unmarked or undesignated trees 

 which are badly damaged in logging shall be cut if required by the forest officer in charge. 



All marked trees shall be cut. No live timber shall be cut except that marked. 



INTENSIVE UTILIZATION. 



One of the essentials of forestry is to secure a close utiUzation of 

 the forest: to cut aU merchantable dead trees and all living trees that 

 are ripe for the ax; to cut the inferior species along with the major 

 species, so that the forest may not degenerate; to use each tree 

 intensively, so that there may be no waste in high stumps, large tops, 

 or in partly defective yet usable portions of the tree. To secure this 

 conservative intensive use, provisions similar to the following are 

 introduced in National Forest timber-sale contracts, and they are 

 proving to be both effective and practical: 



All cutting shall Ije done with a saw when possible; stumps shall be cut so as to cause 

 the least practicable waste, and not higher than 18 inches on the side adjacent to the 

 highest ground, except in unusual cafiaa when, in the discretion of the forest officer in 

 charge, thia height ia not considered practicable; all trees shall be utilized to us low a 



