WESTEEISr YELLOW PINE IN OREGON. 47 



A. Practically pure stands of yellow pine} — This classification occurs on the slop© 

 type of the region east of the Cascades, and includes most of the commercial timber 

 of this region. In addition to the kinds of trees mentioned above, in this type the 

 following classes of yellow pines should also be removed: 



1, Such of the mature yellow pines as would probably survive until the next 



cutting, when there is a superabundance of such trees to leave as the basis 

 for the next cutting and to insure reproduction. 



2. Young yellow pines, "bull pines," where the thinning out of a congested 



group is advisable. 



B. Mixed stands with some yellow pine. — This is the kind of timber that is char- 

 acteristic of the north slope subtype in the Blue Mountains. This class of land is well 

 adapted to the growth of yellow pine; and, therefore, this species should be favored 

 in marking in preference to all other species. Yet the species of secondary 

 importance, Douglas fLr and western larch, should not be marked heai'ily ex- 

 cept where by so doing young yellow pines already in the stand will be directly 

 benefited. This practice is advisable for two reasons: (1) At the present time 

 Douglas fir and western larch in yellow-pine sales are undesirable to the pur- 

 chaser and do not bring a price commensurate with what they will be worth in the 

 future, and (2) it seems better to mark these secondary species lightly now and have 

 the assurance of an early second cut than to make a heavy cutting now and as a 

 result not obtain a second cut until the remote future, even though by the heavier 

 cutting more yellow pine might be gotten into the future stand. In other words, 

 do not sacrifice now any thrifty Douglas fir and larch unless the silvicultural condi- 

 tions and composition of the forest is going to b9 directly benefited. The mark- 

 ing, therefore, should conform to the following principles, supplementing those under 

 "General Principles:" 



1. Consider white fii', grand fir, and lodgepole pine as forest weeds to be 



marked to as low a diameter as is consistent with the terms of the timber- 

 sale contract and justice to the purchaser, both in order to strive to de- 

 crease the proportion of these species in the forest and to give place to more 

 desirable species. 



2. Consider Douglas fir and western larch not as undesirable species, but as 



species of secondary value. 

 Therefore, mark only such thrifty Douglas fir and larch as are in active compe- 

 tition with good yellow pines, or with superior Douglas firs and larches. For ex- 

 ample, where a Douglas fir (or larch) and a yellow pine, both thrifty and of the same 

 character, are growing side by side, one to be reserved and the other removed, the 

 yellow pine should be reserved and the species of secondary value cut. In choosing 

 between a Douglas fir and a larch, preference should be shown the larch except in 

 situations not well adapted to this species. 



C. Stands with little or no yelloiv pine. — This is the kind of timber which is typical 

 of the transition type. Since in this type there is practically no yellow pine, 

 stands of this character are ordinarily not included in the timber sales in the yellow- 

 pine region except in cases where some of this type forms an inseparable part of the 

 logging unit. 



In general the procedure in marking should be the same as under "General Prin- 

 ciples" and under ""B" with these provisions: 



1. Mark the inferior spacies — white fir, grand fir, and lodgepole pine to a low 



diameter limit, except that where these inferior species compose practi- 

 cally the whole stand, leave the thrifty trees of these species in preference 

 to making a clearance. 



2. Mark only such trees of the desirable species as would not thrive for the next 



60 years and such as are a detriment to their superior associates. 



APPENDIX D. 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR BRUSH BURNING UNDER THE SELECTION SYSTEM OF CUTTING 



IN DISTRICT 6. 



In most cases where the selection system ispracticed in this district, i. e., throughout 

 the yellow-pine type and most of the mixed forest types east of the Cascades, the brush 

 is piled anu V>urned in logging operations on the National Forests. The following in- 

 structions are issued in regard to methods of brush piling and burning, in order that 

 this most vital and far too often poorly managed part of our administration of selection 

 cuttings may be hanflled in the best possible faahion. 



' .Since su(,'ar pine so closeJy resembles yellow pine in value and silvical requirement, it is adapted to the 

 {lame methofi of treatment a.s tije yellow pine with which it is associated. 



