LABOR REQUIEEME^sTTS AND MILKING MACHINES. 9 



the stock the stables and the cattle themselves have to be kept in a 

 clean and sanitary condition. 



Table III shows the time spent during the summer and winter 

 seasons in the care of the herd. The table also show that there is 

 proportionately much more labor required per cow to care for the 

 small herds. In the Xew York area, on farms where hand milking 

 is practiced, the total time spent annually to care for and milk the 

 dairy herd was 173.7 hours per cow in the herds of 15 cows and less, 

 as compared with 118.2 hours per cow in the herds of 51 or more 

 cows.^ 



Table III. — Hours of man lal>or per year required to care for and milk a coio 

 in herds of different sizes, and when milked by hand or by a mechanical 

 milker (hauling to market not included). 



Area and size of herd. 



Number of 



herds of each 



size. 



On 



farms 

 having 



ma- 

 chines. 



On 



farms 



not 

 having 



ma- 

 chines 



Hoiirs of man labor per cow per year. 



Care of cow (milking 

 excluded). 



Total for pas- 

 ture season. I 



On 



farms 

 having 



ma- 

 chines. 



On 



farms 



not 



having 



ma- 

 chines. 



Total for re- 

 mainder of 

 year. 2 



On 

 farms 

 having 



ma- 

 chines. 



On 

 farms 



not 

 having 



ma- 

 chines. 



Milking. 



On 



farms 

 having 



ma- 

 chines 



On 



farms 



not 

 having 



ma- 

 chines. 



Total hours 

 per year. 



On 



farms 

 having 



ma- 

 chines. 



On 



farms 



not 

 having 



ma^ 

 chines. 



Michigan-Ohio and Illinois 

 areas: 



1.5 cows or less 



16 to .30 cows 



31 to .jOcows 



.51 or more cows 



-Vew York area: 



15 cows or less 



16 to .30 cows 



.31 to .50 cows 



.51 or more cows 



Hours. 

 18.6 

 11.6 

 7.8 

 15.4 



16.0 

 7.3 

 7.0 



5.7 



Hours. 

 16.9 

 17.7 

 5.7 



16.0 

 12.6 

 7.1 

 5.6 



Hours. 

 73.75 

 53.2 

 46.0 

 36.6 



96.8 

 46.1 

 40.7 

 33.5 



Hours. 



6.5.6 

 56.8 

 49.6 



77.7 

 52.9 

 52.4 

 26.3 



Hours . 

 57.2 

 53.8 

 53.5 

 38.0 



65.5 

 56.1 

 47.3 

 39.7 



Hours. 

 92.95 

 84.5 

 85.2 



80.0 

 82.0 

 82.4 

 86.3 



Hours. 

 149. 55 

 118.6' 

 107.3 

 90.0 



178.3 

 109.5 

 95.0 



78.9 



Hours. 

 175. 45 

 159.0 

 140.5 



173.7 

 147.5 

 141.9 

 118.2 



' Cornell Bulletin No. 364 shows that in Delaware County, N. Y., 20 per cent of all the 

 lat'or spent in the care of the herd is furnished by the wonien and children of the family. 

 Proportionately more family lalior is furnished on the smaller farms. The larger dairy 

 farms are very dependent upon hired labor and it is often found difficult to secure 

 sufficient help. 



Men who are hired by periods of a month or longer are commonly employed in the 

 care of the dairy and to milk. The average wages paid to this class of labor were very 

 uniform in all the areas included in the study, and were as follows : In New^ York, .$28 per 

 month : in Illinois, %2'.i.~>() per month ; and in the Michigan-Ohio area, $28.85 per month. 

 The unmarried farm worker was furnished with his board, and the married man with a 

 house, wood, milk, etc. Other investigations carried on by the Office of Farm Management 

 show that the value of a farm worker's board is approximately $12 per month. The 

 value of a tenant house, wood, milk, etc., furnished to the piarried farm hand is con- 

 sidered altout equal to the value of board. 



Thf total average v.ilue of wages and board is therefore $40.7!") for all the areas. 



There arc 20 working days per month. It is estimated that the dairyman works 12 

 hours each working day. He also works 4.'. hfnirs on Sunday. This makes a total of 330 

 hours per month. The cost per hour of bibor figured on this basis is 0.123 cent. 



2 The exact dates of stabling cattle in the fall and turning them out to pasture in the 

 Kpring vary with the season and the practice of the individual dairyman. Cattle ar« cdm- 

 ruonly stabled from approximately November 1 until May 15, a period of 200 days. The 

 balance of the year (105 days) they are on pasture. 



OcKtiy"— Bull. 42;j— 10- 



-2 



