UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

 BULLETIN No. 414 



Contribudou from Office of Public Roads and Rural Englneertafi 

 LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER December 15, 1916 



CONVICT LABOR FOR ROAD WORK 



By 



J. E. PENNYBACKER, Chief, Division of R^^^^^cof ml^^^^^^ 



H. S. FAIRBANK, Highway Engineer, OfficyfP^^^^ 



Roads and Rural Engineering, and DR. W. F. DRAPER, 



Passed Assistant Surgeon, United States 



Public Health Service 



CONTENTS 



Page 

 1 



Introduction 



Systems of Convict Labor ....•• 



Road Work for Convicts ...••• ^ 



Efficiency and Economy of Convict Labor 17 



Management and Operation ^ 



Records and Cost Accounts . . • • » 3* 



Discipline and Methods of Control. . . M 



Camp Location 



Water SuppUes . = .»•«'••• 



Camp Sanitation . . • • • • • • * 



Healtli Conditions and Care of Sick and 



Injured 



Quarters and Structures 



Clothing, Camp Supplies, and Equipment 

 Rations for Convicts at Road Camps . . 



Bibliography 



Appendix . . . « 



89 



115 

 127 

 145 

 157 

 191 

 19S 



WASHINGTON 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFICB 



1918 



