CONTENTS. 



Page. 

 Department Bulletin No. 851. — Cost of Producing Apples in Five 

 Counties in Western New York, 1910-1915 : 



Introduction 1 



Summary of results 3 



Labor , 4 



Farm investment 5 



Farm organization 7 



The orchards 9 



Orchard management : 12 



Handling the crop 29 



Summary of costs 39 



Influence of yield per acre on cost per barrel 43 



Prices received for fruit 46 



Department Bulletin No. 852. — The Flow of Water in Concrete Pipe : 



Introduction I 1 



Nomenclature 2 



Types of pipe 3 



Part 1. Flow of water in pressure pipes 5 



Formulas for flow of water in concrete pressure pipe 5 



Opinions of engineers regarding the carrying capacity of con- 

 crete pipe 9 



Necessary field data for determining the retardation elements 



of various formulas 12 



Scope of the experiments 13 



Equipment and methods employed in collecting and interpret- 

 ing field data 13 



Elements of experiments for the determination of friction losses 



in concrete pipes, flowing full 20 



Descriptions of pipes 25 



Analysis of the experimental data 45 



Effect of age upon carrying capacity 49 



Capacity of concrete pipes 1 51 



Estimate diagrams and tables; solutions for typical pipe problems 54 



Comparison of the various formulas 62 



Capacity of concrete pipe compared with that of wood-stave, cast- 

 iron, and riveted steel pipe 65 



Part 2. Flow of water in grade line pipes 66 



Description of pipes 71 



Conclusions ' 74 



Acknowledgments , : 76 



Appendix : 77 



Discussion of " Flow of water in concrete pipe " 92 



Discussion by Mr. Allen 92 



Discussion by Mr. Bent 93 



Discussion by Mr. Finkle 93 



Discussion by Mr. Hazen 96 



Discussion by Mr. Lippincott 98 



Discussion by Mr. Newell 100 



Department Bulletin No. 853. — The Organization and Management of 

 Farms in Northwestern Pennsylvania: 



Object of study 1 



Summary of results 2 



Area studied 4 



Classification of farms 6 



