OKGANIZATTON AND MANAGEMENT OF FAEMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. .31 



ing into this area has been an advantage in this connection is shown 

 by a comparison of the relative profits received on the farms operated 

 under each of these types. Taking the farms of 70 acres or under in 

 size, there were 38 on which over 50 per cent of the receipts were from 

 work off the farm, the average labor income received being $192, 

 while the average for those following the general type of farming was 

 $210, and for those following the dairy type $246. The farmers fol- 

 lowing the dairy type had on the average more capital invested than 

 was necessary in following either of the other types, but the addi- 

 tional income received, together with the added advantage of having 

 steady employment throughout the year at home, and in the main 

 being emancipated from the directing authority of others, makes this 

 type the more attractive. 



Fig. 9.— Hauling coal from mine. One of the principal sources of outside receipts. 

 TENURE. 



Records were obtained from 10 farm owners who rented out a part 

 of their crop acreage. For the most part these men were consider- 

 ably older than the average, thus making it necessary for them to get 

 rid of a part of the responsibility of operating the entire farm, yet 

 they continued to live on the farm. The average farm area was 117 

 acres, with 40 acres in crops, 10 acres of which was rented out. Their 

 total capital was $7,330, average receipts $1,019, expenses $642, farm 

 income $377, interest on capital $366, and labor income $11. 



Sixteen farms in the area were operated by tenants. Three of 

 these were dairy and 13 were general farms. The operators paid 

 cash rent. After the landlord's farm expenses, consisting of build- 

 ing depreciation and. repair, upkeep of fences, insurance, and taxes, 

 were deducted from the rent received, the landlords received 2.6 per 

 cent on their investment. 



Fifty-four farmers in the area increased the size of their business 

 by renting additional land from companies owning land, for coal 



