PRODUCING MARKET MILK IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANA. 9 



CREDITS PER COW FOR THE WINTER, SUMMER, AND ENTIRE YEAR. 



During the first year of this study living calves were produced by 

 80 per cent of the cows, while 94 per cent produced live calves the 

 second year. The average value of these calves was $10.08. Most of 

 the heifer calves were raised by the dairymen who produced them, 

 but some were sold to neighbors to be raised. The grade bull calves 

 were vealed and usually sold for about $10 each, which was also about 

 the average price of heifer calves which were sold to be raised. 

 Since the purebred cows were given the same values as grade cows 

 of like producing ability, the purebred bull calves were credited to the 

 herds at what they would have been worth when 4 days old to fatten 

 for veal, and, similarly, the purebred heifer calves were given the 

 same value as grade heifer calves. The value of milk consumed by 

 veal calves was covered in the selling price of the calves. 



CREDIT FOR MANURE. 



The average credit allowed per cow per year for manure and bed- 

 ding included the manure from the bulls, and represents what was or 

 could have been saved by practicable methods of handling. Since the 

 total cost of keeping bulls is charged against the cows under overhead 

 and other costs, the manure from the bulls is included as a direct 

 credit to the herd. Of this total credit per cow 5.6 tons of manure 

 and bedding were produced by the cows alone in the winter, and 0.7 

 of a ton of manure in the summer, amounting to 6.3 tons of manure 

 and bedding per cow per year. (See page 23.) 



Table 5. — Credits for calves and manure per cow (bull manure included), and fertilizing 

 constituents contained in the manure and bedding. 



Item. 



Winter. Summer. Year 



Calves per cow 



Manure per cow tons. . 



Constituents of manure: 



Nitrogen pounds. . 



rhosphoric acid do 



Potash do 



0.44 

 5.9 



57.4 

 18.6 



58.8 



0.43 

 0.9 



2.8 

 8.2 



0.87 

 6.8 



66.3 

 21.4 

 67.0 



REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING A BULL. 



The record on one bull for one month, called a bull-month, was taken 

 as a working unit. The number of bull-months for the winter and 

 summer periods was the same. 



On 10 of the farms the bulls were allowed to run with the cows, and 

 on some of the others were either put on cables or tethered out in the 

 summer and so required little attention, which accounts for the smaller 

 amount of labor per bull in the summer period. In some cases the 

 bulls which ran with the cows were not put into the barns at all 

 while the pasture was plentiful, and received no attention other than 

 being driven from the pasture with the herd. 

 174719°— 20— Bull. 858 2 



