FORESTRY LESSONS ON HOME WOODLANDS. 39 



A. Leaves needle-shaped — Continued. 



(2) Leaves single — Continued. 



(c) Leaves often in two rows on the tops and sides of the 

 twigs ; leaves on lower branches mostly flat, those on 

 upper branches stouter. Cones long, erect, forming 

 only on upper side of topmost branches ; the scales 

 falling off in autumn, leaving spike-like central axes 

 of the cones attached (Abies) Fir. 



B. Leaves scale-like, pointed, overlapping closely on flat or four-sided twigs. 



(1) Twigs four-sided. Cones round or ball-like, with small, thick 



scales; seed with very narrow, hard wings (Cupressus) Cypress. 



(2) Twigs flattened. 



(«) Cones elongated, with only a few thin scales; bent back 



on branches . (Thuja) Arborvitse. 



(6) Cones round, very small, berry-like with thin scales; seeds 

 with a broad, thin wing on two sides. 



(Chamsecyparis) Cedar. 

 .(c) Cones berry-like (showing no separation into scaly parts), 

 Leaves either short, scale-like, and sharp-jointed, or 

 much longer, needle-like, standing out loosely, and at- 

 tached in pairs or in threes on the twigs. 



( Juniperus ) Juniper. 

 THE BROADLEAF TREES. 



II. Leaves Simple, Alternate, with Toothed Edges. 



A. Leaves deeply lobed, or with large notches. 



'1) Leaves as wide as they are long. Fruit, a swinging ball, 1 to 11 

 inches in diameter. 



(a) Leaves with finely toothed margins; star-shaped, the di- 

 visions pointed. Fruit, bur-like balls, from which, when 

 ripe, small, winged seeds may be shaken. Bark rough. 



(Liquidambar) Sweet gum. 

 (6) Leaves with smooth margins, 3 to 5 inches long, pointed 

 lobes, the space between the lobes rounded. Fruit, a 

 rough ball, easily broken when ripe ; composed of closely 

 packed, long, narrow seeds which have hair-like bristles 

 at their lower ends and are attached to a bullet-like 

 central part. Old bark of trunks and large limbs peel- 

 ing off in thin, curled pieces, leaving pale inner bark 



showing in irregular patches (Platanus) Sycamore. 



(2) Leaves longer than wide. 



(a) Leaves large, with deep, round-topped, or pointed lobes. 



Fruit, an acorn, resting in a separable cup. 



(Quercus) Oak. 



(b) Leaves small, with little, sharp teeth on margin. Twigs 



bearing sharp thorns. Fruit small (like a little apple), 

 round, with bony seeds (hard core). 



(Crataegus) Hawthorn. 



B. Leaves one-sided (one side of leaf shorter at base than the other side). 



(1) Leaves large, oval, 5 to 10 inches long, heart-shaped. Fruit, a 

 cluster of small, woody balls J to I inch in diameter, hang- 

 ing from a narrow, leaf-like blade (Tilia) Basswood. 



