RANGE AND CATTLE MANAGEMENT DURING DROUGHT. 5 



compact tight clay or " adobe." There is very little alkali land, ex- 

 cept in the adobe lake beds, where water often stands until it evap- 

 orates. 



The only water originally on the lands now within the reserve 

 consisted of a number of mountain springs and intermittent lakes 

 or flat depressions in the bottom of the valley.^ Water for stock on 

 plains range, both on the reserve and on adjacent range lands, is 

 now pumped from deep wells by windmills and engines or is sup- 

 plied by pipe lines carrying water from springs in the mountains 

 and by tanks which catch and store flood waters. The reserve is 

 now well watered, watering places for the most part being not more 

 than 5 miles apart. 



TYPES OF VEGETATION. 



The greater part of the forage, perhaps 80 per cent, is furnished 

 by perennial grasses, of which the most important are black grama, 

 red three-awn or needlegrass, tobosa, dropseed, muhlenbergia, burro- 

 grass, and alkali sacaton or saltgrass. Various brush species, among 

 which mesquite, blackbrush, creosote bush, shadscale, sagebrush, and 

 Mormon tea predominate, are found on the mesa or plain.* 



Many species of both perennial and annual weeds, as well as various 

 annual or " six-weeks " grass species, occur during the rainy season, 

 but their duration is short and they do not furnish a great amount of 

 forage.^ 



^ The Jornada del Muerto plain, upon whicli the reserve is located, slopes gently toward 

 a central depression or bolson with no drainage out, 

 * Black gvama.=Bouteloua eriopoda. 

 Red three-awn grasses^Aristida longiseta, A. pansa, A. purpurea. 

 Tobosa gra.ss=Hilaria mutica. 



Dropseed grass^ Sporoholus crpptandrus, 8. flexuosus, ^ icrightii, 8. auriculatus. 

 Ring- muhlenbergia^ /l/M/t^en&erf/fia gracillima. 

 Bush grass=Muhlen'bergia porteri. 

 Alkali sacaton or saltgTass=/^poro&oZMS airoides. 

 BuiTO-grass= Scleropogon brevifolius. 

 Low tridens^Tridens pulchelhis. 

 Mesquite^Prosopis glandulosa. 

 Blackbrush= Flourensia cerniia. 

 Creosote hush^Covillea glutinosa. 

 Snakewee6==Giitierrezia furfuraced, 

 BhaAsca\e=Atriplea) canescens. 

 Sagebrush= Artemisia fllifolia. 

 Mormon tea=Ephedra torreyana. 

 ^ Some of the most important of these are as follows : 



Perennials — i, 



Baileya=Ba'ii!eya muUiradiata, 



Spurge=Chamaesyce spp. 



Leatherweed^=Cfotc)t corymhulosua. 



8i:>ectacle-pod==Dithyraea wislizeni. 



'E.Yolyulas^E volvulus pilosus. 



HoSmanseggia^^^^Eoffmanseggia spp. 



Hymenopappus^Hymcnopappus robustus. 



YellowhMsh^Psilostrophe tagetinae. 



Bushy senecio=/SeHecio filifolius. 



Silvery nightshade=S'oi!amiw elaeagni folium. 



Whitestem= Mentselia multiflora (mostly biennial). 

 (Footnote continued on page 8.) 



