﻿UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1369 



Washington, D. C. T April, 1926 



THE CATTLE GRUBS OR OX WARBLES, THEIR BIOLOGIES 

 AND SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROL 



By 



F. C. BISHOPP, Entomologist, E. W. LAAKE, Associate Entomologist, and H. M. BRUNDRETT 



Assistant Entomologist, and R. W. WELLS, Entomologist, Investigations of Insects 



Affecting the Health of Animals, Bureau of Entomology 



CONTENTS 



Page 



History ...2 



LHe History in Brief 6 



Distribution o 6 



Economic Importance ..........11 



Injury to Man 17 



Common Names and Popular Ideas ...19 



Host 20 



Actions of Cattle When Attacked by Adult Hypoderma . 24 



Description of Stages 26 



How the Larrse of Hypoderma linealum Gain Entrance to the Host 33 



Development and Habits . .. . .. . 41' 



Seasonal History ' ..........74 



Natural Control 79 



Artificial Control 85 



Possibilities of Eradication by Systematic Destruction of Grubs 108 



Legislation on Grub Control 110 



Summary 110 



Literature Cited «. 114 



WASHINGTON 

 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



1926 



