﻿8 BULLETIN 1369, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTTJEE 



ported cattle. So far neither of them seem to have become estab- 

 lished here." 



Hypoderma hovis is essentially a northern form. This point has 

 been brought out by a number of writers. Glaser {29) found that 

 in Germany hovis predominated over the northern part of the em- 

 pire while lineatwn was more in evidence in the southern, part. It 

 is also worthy of note that Hypoderma larvse are much more abund- 

 ant in northern than in southern Germany {56). A writer (_/) in 

 Germany has pointed out that, with the interruption of the control 

 work in that country due to the war, the insect had spread to pre- 

 viously uninfested areas. In Denmark, although lineatum is present, 

 hovis is far more prevalent. Bequaert (in litt.) says: 



In Belgium and France H. iovis is by far the most common species, and in 

 pome regions quite abundant. I do not know of any record of H. lineatum^ in 

 Belgium. In France that species is very rare and of recent introduction; it 

 was not known there at the time Joly {61 ) wrote his monograph, 1846. 



In fact H. Uneatuon was not recorded from France until 1894 

 (80). Brauer (<?, 9) states that H. hovis is distributed from Scan- 

 dinavia tO' the southern part of Europe and over Asia, Africa, and 

 North America. He writes that this is the only species found in 

 upper and lower Austria, Styria, and Hungary. He records the 

 distribution of H. Uiieatuon as South Russia, Norway, the Balkans, 

 the Caucasus, and England. Vaney (104) reports II. hovis to be 

 common in the Lyonnaise region, in France. He and his associates 

 (59, 60, 106, 107) observed the number of grubby hides to range 

 during the height of the season from about 12 to 21 per cent in 

 different years. Vaney reports the occurrence of H. hovis only in 

 the Lyonnaise region. Third-stage specimens, however, which he 

 sent the writers from the gullets of cattle of that region, prove 

 to be H. lineatum. In England and Ireland both species are com- 

 mon but sufficient data are not at hand to show their relative num- 

 bers. Hadwen {36) states that in Canada the two species have 

 equal distribution, but that their distribution in the northern part 

 of the country has not been determined. He makes no definite state- 

 ment, however, regarding the relative abundance of the two. 



A. Gansser, chairman of the Warble Fly Commission of Basel, 

 Switzerland, states in correspondence that both H. lineatum and 

 H. hovis are present in that country. H. hovis apparently con- 

 stitutes about 60 per cent of the total number. The insects appear 

 to be very abundant in certain sections of that country. Gansser 

 states that they are generally distributed in the Alps and Jura 

 Mountains up to 6,000 feet. He mentions heavy injury in the can- 

 tons of Valais, Vaud, and Grisons. Bornand (7) also comments on 

 the abundance of H. hovis in cattle of the Jura and the Alps. 



Until recently practically nothing definite has been known of the 

 occurrence of Hypoderma in India. Maxwell-Lefroy and Howlett 

 {66) write: 



It seems probable that Hypoderma, the common European genus, is confined 

 to western India from the Punjab soixthward probably as far as Gugerat. 

 O'Quinlan (superintendent, C. V. D., Bengal) informs us that he has rarely or 

 never seen warbles in Bengal cattle, and this agrees with our experience. 



Patton {75) secured a specimen of H. lineatum from Doctor An- 

 nandale from India in 1922 and later others were sent him by Capt. 

 H. E. Cross, who at the same time sent to the writers specimens of 



