LANIUS. 645 



This is a common species about Bham6, but it becomes less abundant, as we 

 ascend the Kakhyen hills and reach the long elevated valley of Sanda, to the east 

 of which, I did not observe it. In the Irawady valley, I always found it in the 

 neighbourhood of long grass, in marshy unfrequented places ; and on the hills, in 

 grassy hollows surrounded by the jungle, and through which some stream ran. I 

 did not observe it below Bham6. 



140. Lanius cristatus, Linngeus. 



The Crested Red or Russet Butcher -Bird, Edwards, N. H. Birds, ii, p. 54, pi. liv, 1747. 



La Pie-Griesche rousse de Bengale, Briss. Orn., ii, p. 173, 1760. 



Lanius cristatus, Linn., Syst. Nat., t. i, p. 134, 1766; Gray, Cat. Mamm., &c., Nepal, Hodgs., 

 p, 100, 1846; Jerdon, B. Ind., vol. i, p. 406, 1862; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 418 ; id., op. cit., 

 1870, p. 312; Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 212; Gray, Handl. B., vol. i, p. 393, 1869; Swinhoe, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc, 1871, p. 375; Holdsw., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, p. 436; Hume & Henders., 

 Lahore to Yarkand, p. 182, 1873; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 175, 1873; Blyth & 

 "Walden, Journ. As. Soc., Bengal, vol. xliv, 1875, ex. No., p. 121 ; Ball, Stray Feathers, 1873, 

 p. 65; Hume, op. cit., 1874, p. 198; Ball, t. c, p. 399 ; Hume, t.c, p. 473; Hume, op. cit., 

 1875, p. 91 ; Butler, t. c, p. 464; Fairbank, op. cit., 1876, p. 256 ; Armstrong, t. c, p. 316 ; 

 Hume, op, cit., 1877, p. 29 ; Butler, t. c, p. 228. 



Lanius phoenicnrus. Pall. Beis., Bd. iii, p. 693, 1776 ; Gm., Syst. Nat., t. i, p. 309, 1788; Sundev., 

 K. Vet. Akad., Stockhl., 1840, p. 36; Midd., Sibir. Beis., Bd. ii, p. 188, 1851; Blasius, 

 Naum., 1858, p. 310 ; id.. Ibis, 1862, p. 66 ; Schrenk, Amur-Reis., Bd. i, p. 384, 1860 ; Badde, 

 Eeis. Ost-Sibir., Bd. ii, p. 277, 1863 ; Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 216, pi. v, fig. 2 ; Gray, HandL 

 B., i, p. 393 ; Przew., in Bowley's Orn. Misc., part vi, p. 274. 



Crested Red Shrike, Lath., Gen. Syn., vol. i, pt. i, pp. 170, 178. 



Lanius melanotis, Valenc, Diet. Sci. Nat., xl, p. 227, 1826 ; Pucher. Arch. Mus., t. vii, p. 434, 



Lanius ferrugiceps, Hodgs., Ind. Review, 1837, p. 446. 



CoUuris ferrugiceps, Hodgs., in Gray^s Zool. Misc., p. 84, 1844. 



Enneoctonus lucionensis. Gray, Gen. B., vol. i, p. 291, 1847; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1804, p. 420. 



Enneoctonus phoenicurus. Gray, Gen. B., vol. i, p. 291, 1847; Bonap. Consp., t. i, p. 362, 1850; 

 Cab., Mus. Hein., th. i, p. 72, 1850. 



Enneoctonus cristatus, Bonap. Consp., t. i, p. 362,1850 ; Cab., Mus. Hein., th. i, p. 72, 1850; Horsf. 

 & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. Ind. Co., vol. i, p. 167, 1854. 



Otomela phmnicura, Bonap., Bev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 436. 



Otomela cristatus, Bonap., t. c, p. 437 ; Schalow, Journ. f. Orn., 1875, p. 130. 



a. t Ponsee, May 1868. 



Among nineteen specimens of L. cristatus from the same locality, the rufous 

 is not alike in two, and in one specimen the head and the back of the neck are 

 marked off distinctly from the rufous olive of the back. I think there can be 

 little doubt that this amount of variation depends greatly on the age of the speci- 

 mens. In two specimens from Amoy referred by Swinhoe to L. lucionensis, but 

 of different ages, the Hght slaty frontal area in one extends further back than in 

 the other which has the top of the head darker. 



Tliis bird was not uncommon about the village of Ponsee. 



