SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 17 
shell has no umbilical opening, the columella was drilled trans- 
versely at the end, and formed pendants. Fig. 20 represents a 
bead made from this shell, on the lower end of which, a portion 
of the apex of the shell was left, to add to its beauty. 
The ‘‘Olive Shell’’ (Oliva bipheata) seems to have been used 
all along the Coast for money. Fig. 24 represents a perfect 
specimen of large size, in its natural state; Fig. 25, a shell of 
this species highly ornamented with bands of incised lines, and 
Figs. 25 to 30, the various forms of money made from these 
shells. 
In examining graves in Shasta County several years ago, 
thousands of beads made from the Olivella and from the bivalve 
shell, Saxidomus nuttallii, were found. 
Fig. 31 represents either a young shell of Olivella biplicata, 
or a distinct species not found living on the coast except on 
some of the southern islands; it answers to the description of 
Olivella pedroana. The facts that shells of this character, of 
uniform size, have been found in ancient graves, in large num- 
bers, and that the shells have the appearance of mature growth, 
and are all of exactly the same size, indicate one of two things, 
either that they belong to a different species from the large 
shells, or that the aborigines took a great deal of pains to select 
shells of this exact size. 
Some twenty-five years ago, while examining a mound in 
San Mateo County, my attention was attracted by a pair of 
very large Schizotherus nuttalli, and on opening the valves 
I found them filled with shells of this size. Fig. 32 represents 
a shell of Cyprea (Trivia) californiana which was sometimes 
used by drilling a hole in one end for suspension, as repre- 
sented in the figure. Fig. 28 is. the large, handsome Cypria 
(Luponia) spadicea. or cowrie, found in the Santa Barbara 
Channel and southward, used for the same purpose; sometimes 
by drilling a hole at one end, or, by grinding off the rounded 
top, leaving a large slit or opening formed by the mouth of 
the shell; or sometimes, as represented in Fig. 39, where one of 
the lips was utilized by grinding off the remainder of the shell. 
Figs. 33 and 34 show the Mitre Shell, (Mitra maura), the 
larger one having a noteh ground through it, probably by 
means of a sandstone file, thus forming the hole for stringing or 
suspending it. 
Fig. 36, (Erato vitellina), is a somewhat rare shell, océa- 
sionally used. Fig. 35, one of the ‘‘Limpets’’ (Acmza _ spec- 
trum), had its apex removed by grinding, and a small hole 
drilled near the edge for stringing. Fig. 37, the ‘‘Californian 
Cone’’, (Conus ealifornicus), was sometimes used by grinding 
off the apex, as in the Olivellas. 
(To ‘be continued.) 
