62 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
slopes on the creek and its tributaries. One tree of what may 
prove to be Sambucus callicarpa, Greene, was found. 
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SUN HEAT. 
The following extracts are reprinted from the iInauvural 
address of Professor John F. Lanneau, of Yake Forest. College, 
North Carolina, on taking his seat as President of the Academy 
of North Carolina: 
Facts -in regard to the Sun’s heat have been reached slowly 
because of peculiar difficulties due to the nature of heat. 
It is not, as once held, the fourth form of elementary matter 
—earth, water, air, fire—nor yet, the subtile matter, *‘caloric’’, 
of a century ago. Indeed, though intimately associated with 
all forms of matter, heat. itself is not matter. 
It is foree—energy—the force or energy of the constituent 
particles of either solids, liquids, or gases when the particles 
are in rapid motion—in, minute, invisible, intense vibration. 
Matter may be opaque or transparent. We perceive its heat 
by the sense of touch. Heat is recognized not visually, but 
palpably. It is felt. As the feeling of warmth is the effect of 
the intense, invisible activity of the constitunt particles of mat- 
ter, so that of coldness results from their inactivity—their 
stillness. 
Every hot body tends to coldness because its hedged-in mul- 
titudes of agitated particles, by the resistance of their re- 
curring collisions, gradually settle toward rest. 
Meanwhile, the molecular vibrations, imparted to the adja- 
cent all-pervadine ether, are transmitted radially to distant 
bodies, communicating vibratory motion to their particles. 
Thus a cold body may. receive radiated heat from a distant 
hot body. 
Air waves bring us the musical vibrations of a distant bell, 
and its pleasing sounds are reproduced in our aural nerves. 
Ether waves bring us the vibrations of a distant hot body, 
and its heat is reproduced in our tactile nerves. 
AMOUNT OF SUN’S HEAT. 
The elder Herschel was the first to investigate the universe 
of stars and nebulae. His illustrious son in 1838 took the first 
well direeted step in the study of the Sun’s heat. A sunbeam 
of known section, imparting its heat to a definite weight of 
water, raising its temperature an observed number of degrees, 
in a certain leneth of time, gave the coveted fundamental 
