713 
cipal stand on the hills. It isthe most frequently associated with 
the white and black oaks. Often in our area the greater part of 
the trunk is too burly to be used for other than for fuel purposes. 
The published records of the distribution are as follows: Cass 
(Benedict and Elrod); Carroll (Thompson); Clark (Baird and Tay- 
lor) and (Smith); Dearborn (Collins); Delaware (Phinney); Dela- 
ware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Franklin (Haymond) 
and (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M’- 
Caslin); Jefferson (Coulter) and (Young); Knox (Ridgway) and 
(Thomas); Marion (Wilson); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs) ; 
Posey (Schneck); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wabash 
(Benedict and Elrod). 
Additional records are: Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal): 
Tippecanoe (Coulter); Delaware, Owen, Posey and Warren (Deam), 
Economic uses. Wood and uses similar to that of the shell bark 
hickory. 
BETULACACEZE. Tue Biron Famity. 
Trees or shrubs with watery juice; leaves alternate (in pairs on 
the older branches of Betula,) pinnately-veined; flowers of two 
kinds, the staminate in long catkins, 1-3 together, the pistillate in 
short catkins; fruit a nut or samara. 
Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, 
without a calyx, pistillate flowers with. a calyx; 
nut more or less inclosed in the involucral bracts, 
wingless. 
Staminate aments in winter enclosed with bud scales; 
bark of tree smooth and close, gray; pistillate in- 
volucral bracts foliaceous at maturity, flat, and 
morenor less irregularly d-cleftusstecia. ce cs oe see 1 Carpinus. 
Staminate aments naked in winter, appearing in threes 
at the ends of the branches; bark of trunk shreddy, 
grayish-brown; pistillate bracts growing together 
at maturity and enclosing the nut....,............ 2 Ostrya. 
Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a 
calyx, pistillate without a calyx; nut winged. 
Stamens 2, pistillate aments solitary, hop-like and 
papery at maturity; winter-buds covered with 
scales; bark on old trees separating in flakes or 
SACS eee ee ya neem ee resae nen Heelys) ) dus clone dey atl, abate ee 3 Betula. 
Stamens 4, pistillate aments racemose, woody at ma- 
turity; winter buds without scales; bark on old 
trees not separating im flakes.............:....... 4 Alnus. 
