115 
Additional records are: Crawford and Gibson (Schneck); vicin- 
ity of New Albany (Clapp); Posey (Wright); Putnam (Grimes) 
and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe (Coulter) and (Dorner); Allen, 
Brown, Decatur, Franklin, Hendricks, Jennings, Knox, Marion, 
Morgan, Posey, Sullivan, Warren and Wells (Deam). 
Economic uses. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, sea- 
sons with some difficulty. Uses same as that of white oak. 
9. Quercus rubra Linneus. Rep Oak. Plate 52. Bark on 
young trees and on the small branches of old trees smooth and 
light gray, becoming on old trunks rather regularly and coarsely 
fissured, ridges rounded, furrows usually not deep, dark gray; 
branchlets at first green and hairy, soon becoming smooth and a 
reddish-brown by the end of the season, and in two or three years 
gray; winter buds ovoid, pointed, the terminal at fruiting time 
about 6 mm. (14 inch) long, reddish or chestnut brown, the inner 
scales hairy, and the outer more or less hairy on the margins; 
leaves oblong or obovate, 8-22 cm. (3-9 inches) long, generally 
wedge-shaped at the base, sometimes truncate or rarely slightly 
cordate, divided into 5-11 lobes, commonly 9, lobes generally ex- 
tending about half way to the midrib, lobes wedge-shaped, taper- 
ing from the base and mostly 3-toothed at the apex and tipped 
with long bristles, hairy when they unfold, becoming smooth and 
a dull dark green above, and smooth or with tufts of hairs in the 
axils of the veins and a yellow-green beneath; petioles 2.5-5 cm. 
(1-2 inches) long; acorns solitary or in pairs, sessile or on short 
stalks; nut ovoid, 2-2.56 cm. (34-1 inch) long, flat at the base, 
rounded at the apex, gray or reddish-brown, more or less pubescent, 
especially at the apex, enclosed for about 14 its length in a shallow 
saucer-shaped cup; cup flat at the base, rarely somewhat tapering; 
seales blunt, light or reddish-brown, the margins a darker and red- 
dish-brown, covered more or less with a grayish pubescence. 
Distribution. Nova Scotia and Minnesota, south to Florida and 
west to Kansas. It is more or less frequent or common through- 
out Indiana in moist rich woods and along streams. It is the 
largest and most valuable of the biennial oaks. 
The published records are as follows: Cass (Benedict and Elrod) 
and (Coulter); Clark (Baird and Taylor) and (Smith); Clay (Wilson) ; 
Delaware (Phinney) ; Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); 
Fountain (Brown); Franklin (Haymond) and (Meyncke); Gibson 
(Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin); Jefferson (Coulter) 
and (Young); Knox (Ridgway) and (Thomas); Kosciusko (Clark); 
Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); vicinity of New Albany (Clapp); 
