145 
large tree, frequently 30 m. (95 feet) high and 1 m. (39 inches) in 
diameter. 
The published records of the distribution are as follows: Car- 
roll (Thompson); Clark (Baird and Taylor); Dearborn (Collins); 
Delaware (Phinney) ; Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney) ; 
Fountain (Brown); Franklin (Haymond) and (Meyncke); Gibson 
(Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin); Jefferson (Coulter) 
and (Young); Knox (Ridgway) and (Thomas); Kosciusko (Clark) ; 
Lake (Higley and Radden) ; Marion (Wilson) ; Miami (Gorby) ; vicinity 
of New Albany (Clapp); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs) ; Posey 
(Schneck); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wabash (Benedict 
and Elrod); Wayne (Petry and Markle). 
Additional records are: Crawford (Schneck); Lake (Hill); Mont- 
gomery (Evans); Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); Tippecanoe 
(Coulter); Allen, Crawford, Dearborn, Delaware, Floyd, Fulton, 
Jefferson, Jennings, Lawrence, Monroe, Montgomery, Owen, Stark, 
Vermillion and Wells (Deam). 
Economic uses. Wood yellowish-white, rather heavy, not strong, 
coarse grained, soft, shrinks moderately, works well, takes a good 
polish. Good clean lumber is sometimes sold for ash from which 
it is difficult to distinguish, at least before seasoning. The supply 
has been so reduced as to be of little economic importance. It is 
used principally for building material, interior house finishing, 
staves, heading, bending stock and implements. 
Horticultural value. Adapted to a moist rich soil, stands prun- 
ing well but is somewhat difficult to train up to make desirable 
shade or ornamental trees. Frequently used as a shade tree but 
not equal to the elm which it most resembles. The leaves and 
twigs are frequently affected with galls which detract from the ap- 
vearance of the tree. 
2. Celtis pumila (Muhlenberg) Pursh. Hackperry. Plate 66. 
Bark thin, smooth and gray on the shrub-like forms, warty or 
fissured near the base on the larger forms, ridges flat and broken, 
dark-gray brown; twigs thorn-like, due to winter killing, at first 
reddish-brown and hairy, at maturity becoming somewhat smooth 
on the fruiting branches and remaining hairy on the vegetative 
branches, gray brown; leaves of an ovate type, broadly-ovate to 
oval-oblong, taper-pointed, unequal, rounded or sometimes cordate 
at the base, margins generally entire or nearly so, frequently coarsely 
toothed above the middle, rarely to near the base, hairy on both 
sides when they first appear, becoming thick at maturity, smooth or 
rough and dark green above, paler and smooth or nearly so beneath; 
