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1. Cratzgus Crus-Galli Linneus. Cock-spur THorn. New- 
CASTLE THORN. Plate 80. Bark dark gray, scaly; spines many, 
strong, straight, 3-18 cm. (1-7 inches) long; leaves obovate to ellip- 
tical, 2-10 cm. (34-4 inches) long, 1-4 em. (14-11% inches) wide, sharply 
serrate, except towards the base, acute or rounded at the apex, cune- 
ate, dark green and shining above, coriaceous, glabrous or occasion- 
ally slightly pubescent; petioles slightly winged above, glandless, 1-2 
em. (34-34 inch) long; corymbs glabrous or occasionally pubescent, 
many flowered; flowers appear in May or June, about 1.5 em. (2/3 
inch) wide, stamens 10-20, anthers usually pink, calyx lobes lance- 
olate-acuminate, entire, styles and nutlets usually 2; fruit ripens in 
October, ellipsoidal-ovoid to subglobose about 1 cm. (3% inch) thick, 
greenish to red; flesh hard and dry, rather thin. 
Distribution. Northern New York to Ontario, eastern Kansas 
and south through western Connecticut to Georgia and Texas. In- 
troduced near Montreal, about Lake Champlain and on Nantucket 
Island. Well distributed in Indiana but apparently more common 
in the south part of the State. 
A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (85 feet) high, with spreading 
branches and a broad crown; but often a large shrub. This is a 
variable species and has received many names. 
I have seen specimens from the following counties: Crawford 
(Deam); Decatur (Mrs. C. C. Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Jackson 
(Deam); Knox (Schneck); Lawrence and Posey (Deam); Owen 
(Grimes); Vigo (Blatchley); Wells (Deam). 
Economic uses. The timber is hard and tough, similar to the 
ordinary apple, and useful for the same purposes as applewood. 
Horticultural uses. Valuable hedge plant, and its shiny, dark 
green leaves and abundance of white flowers make it also a highly 
ornamental plant for parks and lawns. 
2. Cratzgus cuneiformis (Marshall) Eggleston. MARSHALL’S 
THorN. (C. pausiaca Ashe). Plate 81. Bark dark brown, scaly; 
spines numerous, 2-18 em. (34-7 inches) long; leaves oblanceolate- 
obovate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly 
serrate, 3-6 em. (1144-21 inches) long, 1.5-4 em. (14-11% inches) 
wide, dark vivid yellow-green, glabrous and impressed-veined above 
when mature, subcoriaceous; petioles 1-2 cm. (%@-34 inch) long, 
slightly winged above; corymbs usually slightly pubescent, many 
flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.5 em. (14-2/3 inch) wide; 
stamens 10-15, anthers dark pink, styles and nutlets 2-4, calyx 
lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit ripens in October, ellip- 
