ee 
255 
size and shape, spatulate to linear, 3-5 cm. (114-2 inches) long, 
body round and plump, the wing somewhat wider and 2-3 times 
as long as the body. 
Distribution. Nova Scotia, Ontario and Minnesota south to 
Florida. Frequent to common in all parts of Indiana. It is the 
most abundant in the northern two-thirds of the State, where it is as- 
sociated with the hard maple, beech, linn and slippery elm. In several 
localities in southern Indiana it is called black ash to distinguish 
it from its associate, the blue ash, which has a whiter bark. In 
the hilly part of the State it is found principally near the water 
courses and rarely on the white and black oak ridges. 
In the forest it is a tall straight tree, averaging 0.5-1 m. (19-39 
inches) in diameter and 20-30 m. (65-100 feet) in height, with 
usually few side branches below the main branches of the crown. 
The published records of the distribution are as follows: Cass 
(Benedict and Elrod); Clark (Baird and Taylor) and (Smith); 
Dearborn (Collins); Delaware (Phinney); Delaware, Jay, Randolph 
and Wayne (Phinney); Fountain (Brown); Franklin (Haymond) and 
(Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin) ; 
Jefferson (Coulter); Kosciusko (Clark) and (Youse); Knox 
(Ridgway); Marion (Wilson); Miami (Gorby); vicinity of New Al- 
bany (Clapp); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs); Steuben 
(Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wabash (Benedict and Elrod); Wayne 
(Petry and Markle). 
Additional records are: Knox (Schneck); Putnam (MacDougal); 
Tippecanoe (Coulter); Union (Rose); Brown, Clark, Decatur, Dela- 
ware, Floyd, Hamilton, Jefferson, Jennings, Laporte, Lawrence, 
Porter, Posey, Starke, Steuben, Vermillion, Warren, Washington 
and Wells (Deam). 
Economic uses. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, 
sap wood light, heart wood light brown. The wood of this tree is 
one of the most valuable of the Indiana hardwoods. It has numer- 
ous uses among which the following are the most important: Han- 
dle stock, street car stock, agricultural implements, heading for 
butter tubs, house finishing, furniture, boxes, crating and vehicle 
stock. 
Horticultural value. Hardy, grows in nearly all kinds of soil, 
though it prefers a moist rich soil; transplants easily; grows rapidly; 
bears pruning well; erect in its habit of growth and easily trained 
to grow tall and straight. It is a desirable tree for street and land- 
scape planting. The results of the cultivation of this species at 
the forest experimental station indicate that it is one of the best 
