264 
usually absent, plane of leaf-scar usually parallel to the branch; 
winter buds robust, about 5 mm. (14 inch) long, broadly ovate, 
roundish pointed, with 3 pairs of scales, velvety black; leaves 3-4 
dm. (12-16 inches) long, petioles smooth and grooved, leaflets 7-13 
usually 9, variable in outline, 6-10 em. (214-4 inches) long and 3-4 
em. (114-124 inches) wide, wedge-shaped at the base, sometimes 
rounded, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, lateral leaflets sessile, the 
terminal one stalked, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous on 
both sides at maturity except a few clusters of brown hairs in the 
axils of the veins beneath; flowers appear before the leaves in April 
or May, calyx and petals wanting; fruit ripens late in the summer, 
linear-oblong, broadest above ho, middle, 2-8 em. (34-1144 inches) 
long, round at both ends, flat or slightly twisted. 
Distribution. Newfoundland and Manitoba south to Virginia, 
southern Illinois and Arkansas. Found in most parts of Indiana. In- 
frequent to rare in the extreme southern part, and it is doubted if 
it occurs at all in a few of the southeastern counties. It is more 
or less frequent in all of the northern counties in wet woods, on 
the borders of swamps, lakes and streams. It is usually associated 
with the water elm, burr and swamp white oaks, soft maples, linn, 
cottonwood, aspens and tamarack. In some of the wet woods of 
the northern part of the State it sometimes composes one-third to 
one-half of the stand. It is a medium sized tree, growing very tall 
and straight. Usually about 3-4 dm. (12-16 inches) in diameter 
and 20-25 m. (60-80 feet) in height. 
The published records of the distribution are as follows: Cass 
(Benedict and Elrod); Clark (Baird and Taylor); Delaware, Jay, 
Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Fountain (Brown); Franklin 
(Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M’Caslin); 
Jefferson (Coulter); Knox (Ridgway); Marion (Wilson); Miami 
(Gorby); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs); Posey (Schneck); 
Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wabash (Benedict and El- 
rod). 
Additional records are: Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Coulter) ; 
Union (Rose); Blackford, Delaware, Knox, Madison, Porter, Steu- 
ben and Wells (Deam). 
Economie uses. Wood heavy, rather soft, coarse-grained, not 
strong, sap wood light, heart wood brown, very brash if grown where 
it is wet, rather tough if grown in drier situations. Readily sepa- 
rating into thin layers if pounded, hence its use in the manufacture 
of hoops and baskets. Used for fuel, and by the pioneers for rails 
and pieces from the buttressed bases for hames. 
