CONTENTS 



XI 



E. EFFECT OF FROST 211 



F. GUMMOSIS 213 



G. HONEY-DEW 213 



H. HYPERTROPHISM 213 



I. GALLS 213 



1. General 213 



2. North and South America 214 



3. Europe 214 



a. General 214 



b. Russia and Scandinavia 215 



c. German Empire 215 



d. British Islands 215 



e. France 215 



f. Italy . 215 



g. Iberian Peninsula 216 



h. Switzerland 216 



i. Austria-Hungary 216 



4. Australia 216 



VI. ECOLOGY 217 



A. ECOLOGY IN GENERAL AND ECOLOGICAL 



PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 



1. General 



2. Tropical Zone 



3. Temperate Zone 



4. Arctic Zone and Alpine Regions 



B. PHENOLOGY 



1. General 



2. North America 



3. Central and South America 



4. Europe 



a. General 



b. Scandinavia 



c. Russia 



d. German Empire 



e. Holland and Belgium 



f. British Islands 



g. France 



h. Iberian Peninsula 



i. Italy 



j. Switzerland 



k. Austria-Hungary 



1. Balkan Peninsula 



5. Atlantic Islands 



6. Australasia 



C. VEGETATIVE INTERRELATIONS AND NU- 



TRITIVE ADAPTATIONS 



1. Soil 



2. Light .... 



3. Electricity and Magnetism 



4. Temperature 



5. Humidity 



6. Atmospheric Influences 



7. Parasitism 



8. Symbiosis 



9. Epiphytism 



10. Interrelations with the Animal Kingdom . 



11. Myrmecophilism 



D. PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS 



1. General 



2. Climbing Plants 



3. Nanism 



4. Adaptation to Mechanical Outside Forces . 



5. Spines 



6. Color 



E. REPRODUCTIVE INTERRELATIONS . . . 



1. General 



2. America 



3. Europe- 



4. Africa 



5. Australasia and Pacific Islands 



F. DISSEMINATION 



G. MIGRATION 



1. General 



2. Introduction by Man 



3. Driftwood 



4. Fibre Balls 



217 

 217 

 219 

 219 

 219 

 220 

 220 

 222 

 222 

 222 

 222 

 222 

 223 

 224 

 226 

 226 

 226 

 226 

 226 

 227 

 227 

 227 

 228 

 228 



228 

 22S 

 229 

 230 

 231 

 232 

 233 

 233 

 233 

 234 

 234 

 235 

 235 

 235 

 236 

 236 

 236 

 236 

 236 

 236 

 236 

 239 

 239 

 240 

 240 

 240 

 241 

 241 

 241 

 242 

 242 



VII. EVOLUTION 243 



A. GENERAL 243 



B. VARIATION 243 



C. BUD VARIATION 244 



D. HYBRIDISM 245 



E. GRAFT HYBRIDS 246 



F. MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF SCION AND STOCK 246 



G. EVOLUTION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS . . 246 



H. HEREDITY 248 



I. DEGENERATION 248 



J. PHYLOGENY 249 



VIII. PHYTOGRAPHY 250 



A. CLASSIFICATION 250 



B. NOMENCLATURE 253 



C. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DESCRIPTION . . 254 



D. MISCELLANEOUS AND GENERAL TAXON- 



OMY 254 



1. Textbooks 254 



2. General Taxonomy 256 



3. Miscellaneous Taxonomic Publications . . . 261 



4. Hybrids 271 



5. Pre-Linnean Botany 271 



a. Classic and early botanical writers 271 



b. Works of authors after 1400 275 



E. DENDROGRAPHY 292 



1. General 292 



2. Winter State of Trees and Shrubs .... 294 



3. Individual Noteworthy Trees 295 



a. General 295 



b. North America 295 



c. Central and South America 295 



d. Europe 296 



I. Scandinavia 296 



II. Russia 296 



III. German Empire 296 



IV. Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg 296 



V. British Islands 296 



VI. France 297 



VII. Iberian Peninsula and Italy 297 



VIII. Switzerland 297 



IX. Austria-Hungary 298 



e. Asia and Malayan Archipelago 298 



f. Australasia 298 



F. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 298 



1. General 298 



a. Miscellaneous 298 



b. Travels 301 



2. North America 304 



a. General 304 



b. Greenland 308 



c. Canada east and Newfoundland 309 



d. Dominion of Canada west 311 



e. Alaska and Aleutian Islands 311 



f. Northeastern United States 312 



g. Southeastern United States . . 317 



h. Western United States 320 



3. Central and South America 327 



a. General 327 



b. Mexico 331 



c. Central American republics 333 



d. West Indian Islands 334 



e. Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago 338 



f. Guiana 338 



g. Colombia and Ecuador 339 



h. Peru 340 



i. Bolivia 340 



j. Brazil 340 



k. Argentina with Patagonia, Uruguay and Para- 

 guay 344 



1. Chile 345 



m. Tierra Del Fuego, Magellan territory, Falkland 



and Neighborhood Islands 347 



4. Europe 348 



a General 348 



b. Scandinavia 350 



c. Russia 358 



I. General 358 



II. Caucasus, Crimea and Transcaucasia 368 



d. German Empire 370 



e. Holland 390 



f. Belgium and Luxemburg 391 



