CONTENTS 



VII 



II. Ititri'rHif Iniiia . H7 



IJI. Malay I'MNiNHnr.A anu Ai(fitii'i:r-A<io 117 



o. Africa 117 



f. AiiHl.MiliiHia 117 



2. SmM/I, Ii'uiii'I'h ' '.' 117 



I!. SlI.KWOHM TuiCKH MH 



4. (iu'lTA. I'lOIlCMA TliKUM MS 



5. MlODlCINM, I'l.ANTH Hi> 



(i. (IHHIONIIOIIHK I'lANTH 1 AO 



1). 



I. 



2. 



;i. 



4, 

 1 



I'Hl'll'AHATION OK Till 



(inNKHAr, 



DltAINAdH 



llUtKlA'I'KIN, VVA'I'IOUINU . 



MANIIIlINd, Mui,(MllNli . 



GROUND .... ir,() 



IM) 



l.-)0 



l.')() 



1,'Jl 



10. 



rUOPAClATION AND UAlSlNt; OF PLANTS 152 



. (iKNIOItAT, ir)2 



. NtllWHRY MANACiEMENT l'')'i 



a. GENioHArj ITi'J 



b. Shipping of .seeds iril 



c. Shipping of plants 154 



3. Sowing 155 



ft. Gcncr.il 155 



b. To.st,ing of seeds 15(i 



4. Cuttings and IvAyeiis 157 



a. General 157 



b. Root cuttings 15S 



c. Layers 159 



d. Propagation by leaves 15!) 



5. Ghafting 159 



a. General 159 



b. Herbaceous grafting 103 



c. Root grafting 164 



d. Budding 104 



c. Various experiments and observations .... 164 



F. PLANTING 165 



1. General 165 



2. Transplanting of Large Trees 167 



3. Season fob Planting 168 



4. Planting of Evergreens 169 



5. Distance 169 



6. Depth 169 



G. PRUNING 169 



1. General 169 



2. Pruning Fruit Trees 171 



3. Pruning Shrubs 172 



4. PuuNiNG Evergreens 173 



5. Pollarding 173 



6. Root Pruning 173 



H. THINNING 173 



I. GATHERING AND UTILIZATION OF FRUITS 173 



1. Gathering, Storing, Packing and Shipping op 

 Fruits 173 



2. Utilization of Fruits 174 



J. VARIOUS ARBORIGULTURAL OPERATIONS. 174 



1. Encouraging the Development op Reproduc- 

 tive Organs 174 



2. Encouraging the Maturation of Wood . . .174 



3. Rinq-Barking 174 



4. Fertilization 175 



5. Bark Cleaning 175 



6. Dwarfing 175 



7. Forcing and Retarding of Flowers and Fruits 176 

 K. VARIOUS TOOLS USED IN ARBORICULTURE 177 



IV. DISEASES AND INJURIES AND 

 THEIR TREATMENT 178 



A. GENERAL 178 



1. North America 178 



2. Central and South America 178 



3. Europe 178 



4. Asia 180 



5. Australia ISO 



B. WOUNDS TO BARK AND WOOD, ALSO GUM- 

 MOSIS 180 



C. CHLOROSIS 180 



D. DEBILITY, AGE AND RESUSCITATION OF 

 OLD TREES 181 



E. DISEASES AND INJURIES CAUSED BY ME- 

 TEORIC AND SIMILAR INFLUENCES . . .181 



1. Injuries caused by Frost ISl 



ft. Gonnnil ISl 



I). l'rot.i?f.li(ni from froHl IH2 



2. In.IURIKH fAIIKKlJ IIV DltOIGlIT IH.'' 



:;. K.pi'iiiKH cAirHKn IIV IIkat a.m* Inhoi.atio.n . . IM 



'1. I N.I 11 HI EH (,'AIIHIOI) l)V Wl.NO Itj4 



5. In.iuhiem cauhed hy Hail and Rain, Snow and 



lil.ME 



1R4 



0. 1N.HIH1KS CAUSED BY WaTBII iH'i 



7. In.iurikh caiihed hy Oahkh and Hmokk . . . 185 

 H. I'^mxrr of Vakiouh Poiho.voiw Suhktanceh . . 185 

 F. LN'.HIHIKS CAUSED 1!Y INSECTS AND OTHER 

 ANIMALS IW. 



1. (General 18(5 



2. IN.IURIEH CAUSED BY GuAZINO ANLMALH AND llO- 

 DENTS 186 



3. Injuries caused by Insecth and otiikk Inveute- 

 drates 186 



a. North America IW! 



b. Central and South Aincrit-a 188 



e. Europe* I8S 



d. Asia !!« 



c. Africa H»2 



f. Australa-sia 192 



G. DISEASESANDINJURIESCAUSEDBYPLANTO 193 



1. General 193 



2. Diseases cau.sbd by' Fungi 193 



a. North y\.irierica 193 



1). Europe 193 



c. Asia 19.1 



H. PREVENTION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES KM) 



1. General and Miscellaneous IM 



2. Spraying 197 



3. Fumigating 198 



4. Tree Guards and Supports 198 



V. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZA- 

 TION , 200 



A. GEODESY 200 



B. OFFICE WORK 200 



C. VALUATION AND MENSURATION .... 200 



D. LAWS RELATING TO ARBORICULTURE AND 

 TREES 200 



VI. ORNAMENTAL USES AND PROPER- 

 TIES OF TREES AND SHRUBS . . 



A. ESTHETIC PRINCIPLES 



1. General 



2. Esthetic Principles in Prvxlng 



a. General 



b. Topiary work 



3. Esthetic Principles in Thinning and Felling 



B 



ORNAMENTAL PROPERTIES 



1. Gener.vl 



a. Trees and shrubs for tenii>erate regions . . . 



b. Trees and shrubs for tropical and subtropical re- 

 gions 



2. Habit and Height 



a. General 



b. Pyramidal and columnar trees 



c. Pendulous trees 



d. Climbing shrubs 



e. Dwarf and creeping plants 



f. Wall shrubs 



g. Rockery shrubs 



3. Foliage 



a. General 



b. Evergreen foliage 



c. Variegated foliage 



d. Autumnal colors 



4. Ornaslextal Flo'R'ers 



a. General 



b. Season of flowering 



5. Ornamental Fruits 



6. Winter Effects 



C. STREET AND SHADE TREES 

 1. General 



a. North America 



b. Europe 



c. Asia 



d. Africa 



201 



201 

 201 

 202 

 202 

 202 

 202 

 202 

 202 

 202 



203 

 204 

 204 

 204 

 204 

 204 

 205 

 205 

 20.5 

 205 

 205 

 20.5 

 206 

 207 

 207 

 •207 

 207 

 207 

 •208 

 208 

 20S 

 208 

 208 

 211 

 211 



