GENERAL SUMMARY. 199 



Fig. 7, Plate H, is copied from Mr. Gardner's fine 

 work ; and Fig. 6 is from Blnmer and Otto Keller's 

 equally fine phototypes of the coins and classical 

 gems in the Imhoof mnsemii. 



Caulonia was an ancient Greek colony in Italy, 

 mythically founded by Typhon ; and its chief town 

 was noted for its salubrity and its strong breezes. It 

 was destroyed in the Pyrrhic war. 



The projecting nose, the almond-shaped eye, and 

 the figure partly designed in profile and partly front- 

 wise, are sure indications of the archaic manufacture 

 of the older coin, the age of which has been estimated 

 between b.c. 650-431. Devices on the fields of ancient 

 coins were not always the same. Such might be a 

 Tettix, a crayfish, a locust, a scorpion, a fish, &c. 



Probably the Syracusian die-sinkers excelled all 

 others in their appreciation of arts, as adapted to their 

 purposes of coining and gem-cutting. The wheel, 

 moistened with emery-powder or some other cutting 

 substance, probably was early used in die-sinking. 

 Indentations also were made by the punch, marks 

 from which are often visible on old coins, which 

 become more particularly evident at the terminations 

 of the letters. Subsequently the wheel gave way to 

 the graving-tool, and hard alloys and iron were incised 

 as now, for constructing the dies. 



It is remarkable that amongst the animals enume- 

 rated by Mr. Gardner as stamped on coins, the Tettix 

 does not appear; and in only one of his fine illustrations 

 does he show the bee. This last insect is charac- 

 teristically traced on the Ephesian coin which appears 

 in his plate. It may be recognized by its small eyes, 

 its short wings, its prominent sting, and the wing- 

 veining. 



Although no Greek dies for stamping have been 

 discovered, there is no doubt that many coins were made 

 by placing round pieces of gold or silver between 

 dies, and by one or more blows of a heavy hammer 

 the metal was forced into the depressions. Such 



