SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS 



Tbe distinguishing characters are selected with special reference to the 

 trees and shrubs described in this work. 



First Class. ANGIOSPERMS. 



Flowers bisexual or unisexual, as a rule with perianth, consisting of one or 

 several whorls of leaves, free or connate (calyx and corolla). Ovules enclosed 

 in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen-tube growing towards them through the 

 tissue of stigma and style. Seeds enclosed in the fruit, embryo straight 

 or curved, with or without endosperm. 



First Sub-Class. DICOTYLEDONS. 



The stem consists of pith, wood, bast and bark, which form concentric 

 cylinders, wood and bast being separated in the growing stem by a continuous 

 layer of lone; soft cells cambium', which are transformed into new wood on 

 the outside of the wood cylinder, and into new bast on the inside of the hollow 

 bast cylinder. The wood consists of wood-fibres, vessels, wood-parenchyma and 

 medullary rays. Many climbers have anomalous structure, also the erect woody 

 species of Flumbaginace<B t Nyctaginacece, Amarantaceai and Chenopodiacea 

 and a few trees of other orders : Cocculus laurifolius, Dalbergia paniculata, 

 most Corribretacece, Strychnos, and the non-Indian Drimys. Leaves net- 

 veined. Parts of perianth, calyx or corolla usually in fours or fives. Embryo 

 with two cotyledons which, when the seed germinates, are as a rule raised 

 above ground (in Garcinia, Ochrocdrpus and Mi sua rhe embryo consists of a 

 homogeneous fleshy mass . 



I. POLYPETAL^. 



Flowers in the majority of species bisexual, as a rule with both calyx and 



corolla, the corolla consisting of distinct petals. 



A. THALAMIFLOR^E (including Disciflora . 



Sepals in the majority of .uses distinct, petals and stamens hvpogvti"Us, 

 ovary free. A well-developed ,lj s |< in Orders 13 Tnniririracece, 25 Butaceai, 

 •_!*; Simarubacece, 13 Moringacecs^xa Orders 28-32,34 II and in a few genera 

 of 7 Capparirhicctv, HI lli.rtn-nr and 21 Til inn ,< . 



1. Ranunculacece, p. 1. Sepals deciduous, often petaloid. Stamens x, anthers adnate, 

 longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels numerous, free, 1-celled. 



2, DilleniacecB, p. 3. D. alternate, simple, penninerved, petioles sheathing. PL large, 

 white or yellow. Sepals •">. imbricate, persistent, petals 5, caducous. Carpels one or 

 hi i ii > . ■'• or less cohering, styles frei 



8. Magnoliacece, p. 6. I., alternate, simple, mosl genera with convolute deciduous 

 stipules, Sepals and petals alike, in whorls of three, imbricate, deciduous SI in - B, 

 anthers basifixed, Carpels numerous, usually distinct ly on mi elongated 



torus. Embryo minute, endosperm uniform. 



x x V 



