INTRODUCTION xix 



Every forester aud all those who are likely to use this book are familiar 

 with the paramount influence of latitude, elevation and moisture upon forest 

 growth in India, but it is perhaps less generally known that there are numerous 

 species, genera, and even natural orders, which are found in the east and 

 are wanting in the west aud vice versa. As already stated, it is generally 

 recognized that the vegetation of the Western Himalaya has great 

 affinity to that of Western Asia and Europe, while types of China and 

 Japau prevail in the Eastern Himalav-a. Putting aside the Himalaya 

 for the present, the affinity of the vegetation in the Western Penin- 

 sula * with that of" Africa has long been recognized : it was Hooker who 

 first drew prominent attention to it, and, as already mentioned, in his recent 

 sketch, divides India into three great Botanical areas or regions, a Himalayan. 

 an Eastern aud a Western. The following remarks relate to the Western 

 and Eastern Peninsulas of India and the provinces and districts north of the 

 two peninsulas to the foot of the Himalaya. A line drawn from Calcutta 

 northwards to near the foot of the Himalaya will be found convenient to 

 separate these two great divisions, the western and eastern division of India 

 outside the Himalaya. 



The Western Peninsula has no Cupiiliferce (Betulacem and Fagacece . no 



C'onifirir with the exception of Fodocarpus latifolia, and no Hdmamelidacece 



or Saxifragacew, orders which are well represented in eastern India. 



.1'-. c is absent from the Western Peninsula and so are Thymelceacece, with 



the sole exception of Lasiosiphon. Five of the 7 Majcnoliaceous genera 



Magnolia, Manglietia, Talauma, lllicium, Schisa m I rcn are not represented 



in the west. On the other hand, of Capparidacea : Niebuhria, Mania and 



Cadaba are Western, while Boscia and Roydsia are Eastern, the principal 



genus, Capparis, having species in both peninsulas. Of the 12 genera of 



'/'< rnsl niuiiiir, ,r ."i (Pyrenaria, Schima, Camellia, Actinidia and Saurauja 



belong exclusively to the Eastern Flora. Two genera of Bwrseraceo?. Bos- 



wellia and Balsamodendron belong to Africa, Arabia aud the Western 



Peninsula, but are wanting in the East. Of the 68 species of Meliacece the 



majority are eastern or common to both sides, but Tin-run. Beddomea and 



CMoroxylon are exclusively western. Soymida may possibly yet be found in 



the dry region of Upper Burma. Of Sapindacea;, Guioa and Mischocarpus 



are eastern, while Dodonaa and Filicium are exclusively western genera. 



Among Anacardiaceoz, Nothopegia is western, while Parishia, Melanorhaia, 



Swintonia, Dracontomelum, Drimycarpus and Bouea are exclusively eastern 



era. Of Leguminosw, Mundulea, Ougeinia, ffardrvickia and Pivsopis 



western, while Afzelia, Crudia, Pahudia, Amherstia, Parkia and others 



belong to 'lie Eastern Division. Among Rosacea!, Pyrus, Docynia, r<>nrtlii<iti 



and Eriobotrya are found in the Eastern but not in the Western Peninsula. 



Of Myrtaeece, Rhodomyrtus belongs to the Western Peninsula, while 



Decaspeitnum, Rhodamnia, Leptospermum, Tristania, Melaleuca and 



Planchonia are Eastern genera. Of Araliacea;, Cornaceoz, Rubiacece and 



Palmm, numerous genera belong exclusively to the Eastern Flora. In 



Sapotacea;, Isonandra is western, while Sarcosperma is eastern. Salvadora 



is western, lmi no Agapetes, Pentapterygium, Styrax, Osmanthus, Congea, 



Lindera, and Morus are found in the Western Region. Of Bamb — . 



Ochlandra is western with one species in the Malay Peninsula ; one section of 



Oxytenanthera is Western, while the other section belongs !■• the eastern 



peninsula. Most of the other genera have species in the eastern division only. 



while the I large genera Arundinaria, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus and 



Tcinosliii-hi/inii have species li.>th in the western and eastern divisions. 



Many genera besides O.rgt, iinnthi ra have distinct sections of Eastern and 



West, in s| ies : fi>r instance l'/,ros/n ruin m. /fnligama and ConnarUS. 



Further, a number of western and eastern species are SO closely allied that 



The terms Western aiel Eastern Peninsula are used in Hooker's ■• of 



• It India. 



