•634 CVII. FAGACE.E [Castanopsis 



1. C. indica, A. DC. ; King Ann. ii. t. 83. — Syn. Castanea indic.a, Roxb. ; 

 "Wight Ic. t. 417. Vern. Dalne katus, Nep. ; Thit-6, Burm. 



A middle-sized or large tree, bark silvery-grey. Vessels in irregular radial 

 bands of wood parenchyma. Narrow tangential lines of wood parenchyma. 

 Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence rusty-tomentose. L. 

 •coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, sharply serrate, blade 5-8, pet. 4-V in., sec. n. 15-20 

 pair, prominent beneath. $ involucre mostly solitary. Fruiting spikes 4-6 

 in. long, often branching, involucres thin-walled, 1-1 h in. diam., spines 

 •crowded, concealing the surface of the involucre, slender, simple, straight, 

 hairy, unequal, the longest h in. 



Valleys and outer Himalayan ranges, from Nepal eastwards, 1-6,000 ft. Assam. 

 Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Hills of Upper Burma east of the Irawadi river, 

 2-6,500 ft. Fl. Nov.-Dee., Sikkim. Feb., March, Burma. Coppices well, the wood 

 splits easily, used for shingles. — Tonkin. 2. C. Clarkei, King Ann. ii. t. 83 his. 

 Kalimpung, Bhutan 5,000 ft. Hills of Upper Burma east of Irawadi. A large tree, 

 nearly allied to 1, 1. pale beneath, thinly pubescent, chiefly along nerves, pet. J-l in. 

 long. Spikes slender pubeseent, $ solitary, axillary. Bipe involucres |-1 in. diam., 

 spines slender, in tufts, leaving the velvety surface of the involucre exposed. Speci- 

 mens from the Buby Mines district, 4,000 ft., have petioles J in. long and fr. § in. diam. 



B. Leaves usually entire. 



(a) Surface of involucre more or less concealed by the crowded spines. 



a. Branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. pubescent or tomentose. 



3. C. Hystrix, A. DO. ; King Ann. ii. t. 84. — Syn. C. rvfescens, Hook. f. & Th. Vern. 

 Bara Katils, Nep. : Hingori, Ass. Sikkim, 6-8,000 ft. Bhutan. Assam. Khasi Hills. 

 Kuby Mines hills, Upper Burma. Upper Yunzalin 3,500 ft., Martaban. — Malay Benin- 

 sula. Yunnan. A tall tree, young shoots and inflorescence pubescent. L. lanceolate, 

 underside clothed with minute ferruginous tomentum, blade.3-6, pet. £— | in. Spines of 

 involucre stellately branched. Seed edible. 4. C. diversifolia, King Ann. ii. t. 85a. — 

 Castanea diversifolia, Kurz. Vern. Kgansa, Burm. Hills east of Toungoo 3-6,000 ft., 

 -common. Branchlets tawny-tomentose, 1. rigidly coriaceous, entire, broadly ovate or 

 elliptic, greatly varying in shape and size on the same branch, blade 5-9, pet. thick 

 £-J in., petioles, midrib and sec. n. thinly pubescent. Sec. n. 10-12 pair, as well as the 

 parallel tert. n. prominent beneath and impressed above. Spines simple, stout, radi- 

 ating, J in. long. 5. C. javanica, A. DC. ; King Ann. ii. t. 88. — Syn. Castanea javanica, 

 Blume. — Malay Feninsula, Tonkin and Archip. Branchlets, petioles and underside of 

 1. from rusty-pubescent to tomentose. According to Kurz frequent in Fegu, Martaban 

 and Tenasserim, but Kurz describes it as glabrous, the leaves beneath with minute 

 indistinct tomentum. This has to be cleared up by studying the tree in the forest. 



/?. Branchlets, petioles and 1. glabrous or nearly so. 



6. C. argentea, A. DC. : King Ann. ii. t. 89. — Syn. Castanea argentea, Blume ; Castanea 

 martabanica, Wall. Fl. As. t. 107. Hills east of Bhamo, 7,000 ft., Upper Burma, wood 

 used for building ( Kyiran, Kachin, Mont. Hill, Feb. 1902). Hills of Pegu, Martaban 

 and Tenasserim. — Malay Penins. and Archip. A large tree, bark smooth, light grey, 

 branchlets and 1. glabrous. L. thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, 

 acuminate, blade 6-10, pet. J in. Spikes pubescent, ? fl. solitary. Spines of involucre 

 pubescent, \ in. long, in dense tufts on short woody stalks. 7. C. castanicarpa, Spach ; 

 King Ann. ii. t. 91. — Syn. Castanea Boxburghii, Lindl. ; Quercus castanicarpa, Boxb. 

 Fl. Corom. t. 296. Chittagong. A large evergreen tree, young shoots minutely silky. 

 L. thin, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, blade 6-12, pet. J in., sec. n. S-10 pair. 

 Female involucres solitary on axillary spikes, 6-8 in. long. Fr. ovoid, pubescent, 1J in., 

 spines \ in. long united by their base into tufts. 



(b.) Spines in tufts or belts, not completely concealing the surface of 

 involucre. 



8. C. argyrophylla, King Ann. ii. t. 85b. — Syn. Castanea tribuloldes, var. ferox, Kurz 

 F. Fl. ii. 481. Vern. Thit-e, Thit-tat, Burm. ; Maikaw, Shan. Upper Burma, Buby 

 .Mines hills 5-6,000 ft. Shan hills, 4-5,000 ft. Arakan, Begu, Martaban and Tenas- 

 serim. A middle-sized tree, branchlets minutely pubescent. L. thinly coriaceous, 

 glabrous, pale beneath, blade 5-9, pet. i-| in., seo. n. 10-12 pair. Fr. nearly globose, 

 1-1J in. diam., with stout short simple spines in tufts or on short ridges, nut adnate 

 high up to the inside of the involucre, tomentose where free. 



9. C. tribuloides, A. DC. ; King Ann. ii. tt. 94, 95, 96. — Syn. Castanea 

 tribuloides, Wall. ; Quercus ferox, Boxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 218. Vern. Tumari, 



