640 SALICACE2E [Populus 



lower part of the trunk often gets covered with short horn-like roots, and short, hard, 

 spine-like processes are found projecting from the wood into the bark. — On the banks of 

 rivers in Afghanistan, Turkestan, Persia, Kurdistan and Central Arabia. Along the 

 Euphrates and Tigris as well as along the Jordan in Palestine. Northern China. 

 Algeria, on the hills of Oran. Witu, tropical East Africa. 2. P. alba, Linn. Vern. 

 Speddr, Bal., Afg. ; Safeda, Haz. ; Mai. Bash. North- West Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft., 

 wild and cultivated. Planted in Baluchistan, Sind, Trans Indus and the Punjab. — 

 Europe, North Africa, Northern and Western Asia. China. In India a middle-sized, 

 in Europe a tall tree. Buds, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. densely clothed 

 with white tomentum. L. deeply lohed, blade 2-A, pet. 1-2 in., basal n. 5, midrib 

 penninerved. Catkins hairy, stamens 4-10. 



B. Leaves not lobed, buds viscid. 



3. P. ciliata, Wall. ; Eoyle 111. t. 84.— Syn. P. rotundijolia, Griff. Ic. PI. As. t. 546- 

 Vern. Palach, Haz. ; Chum, Krammal, Bash. ; Chelann, Simla ; Pahari Piped, Hind. 

 North-West Himalaya 4-10,000 ft., not known from the inner arid valleys, though not 

 uncommon near Chini and Pangi in Kunawar. Sikkim 3,500-9,000 ft. Bhutan. A lofty 

 tree, buds lanceolate, viscid, the yellow resinous gum sometimes secreted in large masses. 

 L. as a rule finely ciliate along the edge, pale and often minutely pubescent beneath, 

 denticulate, usually cordate, blade 3-7, pet. 2-A, basal n. 3-5, midrib penninerved. 



5 catkins 6-12 in. long, pedicels as long as fl. Capsule glabrous or nearly so, ovoid, 

 J-$ in. long, 3-4-valved, supported by the lobed disk. Gamble, Ind. Timbers ed. ii. 690, 

 mentions a species evidently distinct iniwoods about Kalimpung and Dumsong, 3-4000 ft. 

 1. quite glabrous, base not cordate, but rounded or truncate, bracts of i fl. long, not early 

 deciduous, capsule 2-valved, valves bifid at the apex. Haines sends specimens (826 

 Tonglu, Pankasari, 7,500-10,000 ft.) of a large tree with thick fluted bark, branchlets 

 cottony, young 1. densely tomentose, mature glabrous, base straight or cordate, sec. n. 

 bright red above, petioles compressed, red. Capsules 2-3- valved, valves densely tomen- 

 tose. This as well as the tree mentioned by Gamble merit careful study in the forest. 

 P. ciliata, it must be remembered, is a very variable species. 4. P. microcarpa, Hook. f. 



6 Thorns. Bhutan 7,000 ft. Quite glabrous, 1. orbicular, sinuate, base rounded or 

 subcordate, capsule J in. long, nearly sessile. 5. P. nigra, Linn. The pyramidal 

 (rather cupressiform) variety (Lombardy Poplar) is frequently planted in the North- 

 West Himalaya, particularly in Kashmir, in Ladak as high as 12,500 ft. Also 

 occasionally in the plains of the Punjab, and of late years in Baluchistan. The 

 variety with spreading branches is indigenous in Europe, in Northern and Western 

 Asia and Northern China. A large tree, buds viscid, branchlets and 1. glabrous, L. 

 almost triangular, acuminate, crenate, blade 2-4, pet. 1-2J in. long, basal n. 3, midrib 

 penninerved. Catkins glabrous, { pink, stamens 15-30, 9 las, drooping, disk shallow, 

 pedicel short. Fruiting catkins 4-6 in. long. P. canadensis, Moench (P. deltoidea, 

 Sargent Silva t. 494), the cotton wood of North America, differs chiefly by ribbed 

 branchlets, more deeply toothed 1. and more numerous stamens. 6. P. balsamifera, Linn. 

 Indigenous on the Shayok river in West Tibet and in arid valleys of the inner 

 N.-W. Himalaya 8-14,000 ft. Afghanistan. — Northern Asia. China. A large tree, 

 buds viscid, resinous, branchlets angular. L. glabrous, pale beneath, ovate or ovate- 

 lanceolate, dentate, blade 2-5, pet. 1-3 in. Fr. spikes 5 in. long, capsules nearly sessile, 

 valves 2-4, usually 3, thick, almost woody, rachis pubescent. The North American 

 P. balsamifera (the Balsam Poplar or Tacamahac), usually united with this, is con- 

 sidered by Sargent, Silva tt. 490, 491 as a distinct species. 



Order CIX. LILIACE.E. Gen. PI. iii. 748. 



Perennial herbs, with a creeping rootstock, bulbs or fibrous roots. Shrubs 

 or trees in a few genera. Fl. as a rule bisexual. Perianth usually 6-merous 

 in 2 series, imbricate in bud. Stamens 6 in most genera, ovary 3-celled, 

 style 1, ovules 2 or more, rarely one, in the inner angle of the cells. Embryo 

 small, surrounded by the horny or fleshy albumen. 



The stems of Dracaena and Cordyline have s. regular bark, and as they grow older 

 they increase in diameter by means of a concentric layer of cambium cells, in which 

 additional parenchyma and fibro-vascular bundles are formed. 



Stem simple or slightly branched, erect or procumbent, 1. lanceolate or linear, with 

 numerous longitudinal nerves, basal or at an acute angle from the midrib. 



Ovule 1 in each cell 1. Dracaena. 



Ovules numerous in each cell .... Cordyline (p. 641). 



