690 CXIV. CONIFERS [Pinus 



2-2 h in., seed J in. long, wing obliquely truncate, about 3 times the length of 

 seed, cotyledons usually 9. 



Kurana valley 8-11,000 ft. Safed Koh. Kafiristan. Himalaya, also in some of the 

 more arid valleys, such, as Lahaul, Kunawar. Eastwards as far as Nepal, not in Central 

 and North- West Kumaon nor (indigenous) in Sikkim, hut (in alpibus altissimis, 

 Wallich) in Bhutan. — Afghanistan. The original home of this tree is at high eleva- 

 tions up to 12,500 ft., where it forms extensive forests with the Himalayan Spruce 

 and Silver Fir. As the seed comes up in open grass-lands without shelter and as it is 

 readily carried about by the wind, there is abundant second growth of it at lower 

 elevations down to 5,000 ft. "Wherever the trees grow at lower elevations the shoots 

 are very luxuriant, often bent and irregular. The leaves remain 3—4 years on- 

 the branches. Fl. April-June, the cones ripen in the autumn of the second year. 

 P. Pence, Griseb., mountains of Montenegro and Macedonia is closely allied. 



B. Leaves in clusters of three ; cones ovoid or ovoid-conical, scales much 

 thickened at the apex. 



2. P. longifolia, Roxb. ; Royle 111. t. 85 ; Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 369, 370; 

 Collett, Simla Mora 486 fig. 158. Vern. CM, Chir, Hind.; Shti, Bash; 

 Sarol, Sirli, Jaunsar ; Dhup, Nep. ; Nyit, Lepcha. 



A tall eminently gregarious tree, branches symmetrically whorled, high up 

 the trunk, forming a rounded head of light foliage. Bark 1-2 in. thick, cut 

 by deep fissures into large plates. Leaves 9-15 in. long, slender, nearly 

 triquetrous, sheath J-l in. long, greyish-brown, fimbriate, persistent. Male 

 catkins A in. long, cones on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, solitary 

 or in whorls of 2-5, 4-8 in. long, diam. 3-5 in., scales 1-2 by -| in., beak 

 thick, pyramidal, pointed and somewhat recurved. Seeds \ in. loDg, wing 

 thin membranous, rather longer than seed. Cotyledons about 12. 



Subhimalayan tract and outer Himalaya. Abundant as far east as Nepal, forming 

 extensive pine forests 1,500 to 6,500, occasionally to 7,500 ft. Not in the inner arid 

 valleys, on the Sutlej its upper limit is at Wangtu. Further eastwards less common, 

 in Sikkim usually on dry southern slopes between 1,000 and 3,000 ft. on the north side 

 of the Great Ranjit and Tista rivers, often mixed with Sal. It is supposed (see Gamble, 

 Darjeeling List ed. ii. 83) that the rainfall in the subhimalayan tract here is too 

 heavy for this species. Fl. Febr.-April, there is some uncertainty whether the cones 

 require 15 or 29 months to ripen. The leaves remain 2-3 years on the branches. 



3. P. Khasya, Royle*; Griff. Ic. PL As. tt. 367, 368. Vern. Dingsa, 

 Khasia ; Tinyu, Burm. ; Shja, Kar. 



A tall tree, 100-150 ft., branches more or less whorled, bark thick, deeply 

 cracked, resin-ducts numerous in the outer and middle belt of each annual 

 ring. L. 6-10 in. long, slender, back convex, sheath persistent, grey, 

 lacerated at apex. Cones solitary or in pairs, sometimes in threes, ovoid, 

 2-3 in. long, greatest diam. 2 in., beak of scales depressed-pyramidal, with a 

 blunt knob at the end, wings four times the length of seed. 



Khasi and Naga hills. Manipur. Hills on the Upper Chindwin. Shan hills. 

 Mountains on the head waters of the Tunzalin and further north on the watershed 

 between Sitang and Salween, 2,500-7,000 ft. Fl. Febr.-March, the cones require 

 2 years to ripen. Cones of several years, also empty cones, remain long on the tree. 

 The 1. persist 1-2 years on the branches. P. insularis, End!., of the Philippines and P. 

 Yunnanensis, Franchet, of China, are very similar and possibly not specifically distinct. 



4. P. Gerardiana, Wall. ; Royle 111. t. 85, fig. 2 ; Brandis P. PI. t. 67. 

 Vern. Chiljin, Chitral (Jalghuza, seed); M iri, Pangi ; RM, Kunawar. — The 

 seed : Neoza. 



A middle-sized tree, branches not whorled, bark grey, smooth, thin, peeling 

 off in large flakes, on old trees rough and cracked, foliage dark green. Leaves 

 stiff, 2-4 in. long, back rounded, sheath deciduous. Male catkins \-\ in. 

 long. Cones ovoid-oblong, glaucous when mature, 6-9 in. long, diam. -4-5 in. 



* The name given by Royle to this Pine was Kesiya (Gordon in Gardener's 

 Magazine xvi. 8, 1840). Parlatore (DC. Prod. xvi. 2) called it P. Khasya, Royle. The above 

 name is that adopted in the Fl. of Brit. Ind., and should be : P. Khasya, Hook. f. 



