694 CXIV. CONIFERiE [Cupressus 



point or boss. 3. C. glauca, Lamk. (C. htsitanica, Mill.), commonly cultivated in 

 "Western India above Ghat, foliage and cones bluish, may belong either to 1 or to 2. 



4. C. funebris, Endl. The weeping Cypi'ess, Chandang, Bhutia. Indigenous on the 

 hills about Ichang, China. Cultivated, chiefly near Buddhist temples and monas- 

 teries, in Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. A large handsome tree, branches pendulous, 

 branchlets distichous, cones J-f in. diam., seeds small, broadly winged. 



6. JUNIPERUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 646. 



Shrubs or trees, with distinct, generally red and fragrant heart-wood. 

 Leaves either all linear or subulate, in whorls of 3, or dimorphous, viz. (a) 

 scale-like, imbricate, usually opposite and decussate, (5) subulate and spread- 

 ing. Fl. monoscious or dicecious, axillary or at the ends of short branchlets, $ 

 small cylindric or ovoid catkins, stamens broad-ovate, whorled, imbricate, each 

 with 3-6 anther-cells at its base. Cone ripening the second year, fleshy, 

 nearly globose, consisting of 3-6 connate carpellary scales (the lower sterile), 

 the tips of which are often visible on the surface of the ripe fruit. Seeds 1-3, 

 testa coriaceous. 



A. All 1. linear, pungent. 



1. J. communis, Linn. Vern. Betar, Bithal, Chamba ; Pama, Tailu, Kunawar. — Almost 

 throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Kuram 

 valley, 11-13,000 ft. North- West Himalaya, 5,400-14,000 ft., as far as Garhwal and 

 Kurnaon, east of the Sutlej restricted to high elevations. Werang pass, Kunawar. 

 A dense diffuse shrub, sometimes a small tree, procumbent at high elevations. L. 

 in whorls of 3, spreading, J-i in. long, pungent, whitish above, convex or obtusely 

 keeled beneath, with a more or less prominent cushion on the branchlets, persistent 

 3-4 years. Fl. axillary, supported by small imbricating bracts, the male catkins 

 ovoid, yellow, antheriferous scales broad-ovate, acuminate, the 9 small, resembling 

 leaf-buds. Berries blue- black, J-J in. diam., the tips of the carpellary scales visible at 

 the apex, pulp sweet, resinous, seeds generally 3. A dwarfed variety at high elevations 

 with broader 1. and very pronounced leaf-cushions may perhaps be identified with J. 

 nana, Willd., the dwarf Juniper of Europe. Bhiterrik, Chitral (prostrate, Barrett). 



2. J. recurva, Ham. TJie weeping blue Juniper, Hook. Him. journ. ii. 28. Vern. 

 Bettar, Punj. ; Bhe'ntra, Kaghan ; Gugga.l, N.W. Himal. Kuram valley, 10-12,000 ft. 

 Himalaya, Kashmir to Bhutan, 7,500-12,000 ft. Occasionally planted near temples. — 

 Tibet. A gregarious shrub, often covering large areas, either pure or mixed with 

 J. communis, the stems decumbent, at times 6 in. diam., very long, running under- 

 ground or along the surface. From these creeping stems rise numerous short erect 

 branches, which make these thickets almost impenetrable. In Sikkim and Bhutan, 

 a graceful tree, attaining 30 ft., with drooping branchlets, foliage glaucous blue, heart- 

 wood reddish-brown. L. more or less appressed, in whorls of 3, \ in. long, lanceolate, 

 pungent, back convex, often approximate and imbricated, when the branchlets are 

 more or less 6-sided. Male catkins and berries at the end of short lateral leafy 

 branchlets. Berries ovoid, pointed, J- J in. long, dark brown or blackish-purple when 

 ripe, seed 1, oblong. J. sqnamata is the procumbent variety with broader often 

 incurved leaves. 



B L. dimorphous, on most branches scale-like, decussate, appressed, 

 imbricate, on some subulate, pungent, erect or spreading. 



3. J. macropoda, Boiss. — Syn. J. excelsa, Brand. F. Fl. t. 68. Hima- 

 layan Pencil Cedar. A 7 ern. Appurz, Ghushki, Baluch. ; Obitsht, Pushtu ; 

 Sdrus, Chitral; Shur, Lahaul and Kunawar; Shilr, Upper Chenab and 

 Sutlej ; DTiup, Garhwal and Kurnaon. 



A small or middle-sized tree, rarely attaining 50 ft., trunk short but of 

 great girth, bark exfoliating in long fibrous strips. Foliage light and open, 

 the scale-like 1. usually opposite, rhomboid, convex, obtuse, closely appressed 

 up to the apex, with a large resinous gland on the back, the subulate L 

 opposite or in whorls of 3, pungent, £ in. long. Male catkins at the ends of 

 branchlets -|— -^ in. long, closely set with imbricate scales. Berries nearly 

 globose, bluish-black when ripe, very resinous, the tips of the scales forming 

 transverse ridges, seeds 2-5. 



Baluchistan, 7-10,000 ft., forming open forests of considerable extent, often pure 

 sometimes mixed with Pistacia and Fraxinus. Kuram valley, forming fully half 

 the forests at 9,000 ft. in the Hariab district. Chitral, in ;forests above 8,000 ft. 



