354 COMPOSITE. miianthus. 



pubescent, short-petioled or nearly sessile ; the lower lanceolate or sometimes ovate- 

 lanceolate and acuminate, either entire or ohtusely serrate, 4 to 8 inches long ; the 

 upper usually smaller and more narrowly lanceolate, entire : heads mostly on slender 

 rather short peduncles : scales of the involucre slender, linear-lanceolate, tapering 

 into long and spreading acuminate tips : rays 15 to 20, an inch or more long : chaff 

 of the receptacle blunt : akenes very flat, glabrous : pappus of 2 or 3 lanceolate 

 chaffy scales. — H. giganteus, var. insulus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. 



Along streams, common near San Francisco, &c. ; extending into the foot-hills of the Sierra 

 Nevada up to 4,000 feet. Eootstock thick and tuberous, with a terebinthiiie juice or exudation. 

 Sides of the akene flat and entirely destitute of angles. Larger leaves triple-ribbed. 



H. Ntjttallii, Torr. & Gray, which grows in N. "W. Nevada, has more slender stems, more 

 linear leaves, scales of the involucre hirsute-ciliate towards the base, chaff of the receptacle acute, 

 pappus more slender, and akene (when young) with evident lateral angles. 



50. VIGUIEBA, HBK. 



Head, flowers, &c. as in Helianthus, but usually of smaller size ; imbricated invo- 

 lucre less herbaceous ; receptacle inclined to be conical ; and, especially, the pappus 

 less deciduous or even persistent, consisting of 2 or more scarious chaffy scales on 

 each side between the awns. — Chiefly tropical or subtropical American : only one 

 species has actually been observed within the limits of the State. 



In Lower California (Cape San Lucas) there are a few species, such as V. deltoidca and V. tomen- 

 tosa, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. v. 161, and V. subincisa, Benth., which may be related to the fol- 

 lowing. 



1. V. laciniata, Gray. Shrubby (1), minutely scabrous-hispid, branching : leaves 

 on the branches alternate, ovate-lanceolate or obscurely hastate in general outline, 

 incisely lobed or pinnatificl, tapering at base into a short petiole, coarsely reticulate- 

 veined, sparsely papillose-hispid : heads corymbose, less than half an inch long : 

 involucre short ; its scales oblong-ovate and coriaceous : flowers yellow : rays 8 to 

 10: receptacle convex: pappus apparently deciduous; its chaffy awns about the 

 length of the sparingly ciliate akene ; the truncate intervening scales conspicuous, 

 more or less confluent into one on each side, and erosely fimbriate at summit. — Bot. 

 Mex. Bound. 89. 



East of San Diego, Schott, Newberry, Cleveland. Apparently a low bushy plant, shrubby at 

 base, and with slender herbaceous branches. 



2. V. nivea, Benth. (?) Silvery-white with appressed and dense silky pubes- 

 cence (hairiness rather than tomentum), low or procumbent : leaves ovate, entire or 

 nearly so, 3-ribbed at base, the lower ones opposite : peduncle slender, mostly bear- 

 ing a single head : scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, silky-tomentose, in about 

 2 series, rather loose : chaff of the involucre rather shorter than the flowers : rays 10 

 or 12, yellow : akenes (ovaries) oblong, somewhat villous : pappus of a few thin and 

 small chaffy scales and a pair of chaffy awns, or sometimes the awns reduced to 

 scales and not longer than the hairs of the ovary, deciduous. — Encelia nivea, Benth. 

 Bot. Sulph. p. 27 (?). Helianthus (Earpalium) tephrodes, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 

 90. Bahiopsis lanata, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 35 (!). 



S. E. California, at Mirasol del Monte, in the desert, Schott. An incomplete specimen, proba- 

 bly identical (although the leaves are mostly alternate) with Bentham's Encelia nivea of Lower 

 California, which he supposes may be Kellogg's Bahiopsis lanata, of the same region, and would 

 now (in Gen. PI. ii. 376, 378) refer to Viguiera. 



51. PUGIOPAPPUS, Gray. 



Head manj'-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays 7 to 10, more or less pistillate and 

 fertile ; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre broadly campanulate, double ; the outer of 

 4 or 5 loose and somewhat foliaceous, the inner of mostly 10 thinner, and rather 



