420 COMPOSITE. Cnicus. 



half long in the larger heads. Stigmatic tip of the style naked and rather short. This proves to 

 be Nuttall's Cardials occidentalis, and this specific name may well he used in the changes of 

 nomenclature rendered necessary by the adoption of the generic name Cnicus. As in several 

 species of the genus, some of the outermost pappus wants the plumes, but in the rest it is as con- 

 spicuous and the bristles as stout and numerous as in most Thistles. 



* * Heads smaller (not over an inch and a half high) : flowers white, cream-color, or in 

 one species purple : herbage and involucre less densely white-woolly, or naked with age. 



+- Scales of the involucre rather rigid, with broadish oppressed coriaceous base, taper- 

 ing into pungently spiny-pointed tips ; the outer somewhat shorter and spreading. 



8. C. Andrewsii, Gray, 1. c. At length green, the thin and loose cobwebby 

 wool being deciduous, apparently tall and paniculately branched : cauline leaves 

 lanceolate and laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre very cobwebby : lobes of the equally- 

 cleft (apparently white or whitish) corolla about twice the length of the throat : 

 anther-tips triangular-acute. 



Founded on a single specimen, collected by Dr. Andrews, probably not far from San Francisco 

 or Sacramento ; differing from the following in the length of the corolla-lobes (3 or 4 lines) 

 compared with the throat (1J to 2 lines) ; the whole corolla hardly an inch long. 



9. C. Californicus, Gray, 1. c. Eather loosely white-woolly, at least when 

 young, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves either sinuately or deeply pinnatifid : involucre 

 more or less cobwebby, or at length almost naked : lobes of the white or cream- 

 colored corolla shorter (the four more united often much shorter) than the throat. 

 — Cirsium Calif ornicum, Gray in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 112. 



Dry open ground, from the Stanislaus Payer (Bigelow) to Santa Clara Co. (Brewer), and near 

 San Diego (Cooper, Cleveland) : apparently in other parts of the State and the borders of Nevada, 

 in varying forms. 



+- -h Scales of the involucre thinner and less rigid, looser and more slender from the 

 base; the outer only weakly prickly-pointed. 



10. C. edulis, Gray, 1. c. Loosely cobwebby when young, soon green : stem 3 

 to 8 feet high, rather succulent and tender, leafy to the top, bearing rather few 

 more or less panicled or clustered heads : leaves thin, mostly only sinuate-pinnatifid 

 and obtuse : involucre very cobwebby when young, mostly innocuous : corolla pur- 

 ple (perhaps sometimes whitish), slender, equally or somewhat unequally 5-cleffc ; the 

 lobes becoming nearly filiform with a thickened tip, considerably shorter than the 

 throat. — Cirsium edule, Nutt. 1. c. 



Wet or shady places, especially in Redwoods, from San Francisco Bay northward through 

 Oregon to British Columbia. The stems, stripped of bark and leaves, are said to be eaten raw 

 by the Oregon Indians ; whence the name of the species. 



11. C. remotifolius, Gray, 1. c. Tall (3 to 8 feet high), sparsely-leaved, 

 especially towards the naked panicle, scarcely or lightly woolly, except the under 

 side of the leaves, which also is commonly white but sometimes naked with age : 

 leaves mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate or linear prickly-tipped and spinulose- 

 edged divisions : involucre lightly cobwebby when young, at length nearly naked ; 

 its scales all slender and thinnish, linear-attenuate and mostly equal in length, 

 loosely ascending, slightly and weakly prickly-pointed : corolla yellowish-white ; 

 three or four of the lobes united higher up, shorter than the throat. — Carduus 

 remotifolius, Hook. Cirsium remotifolium, DC. C. stenolepidum, Nutt. 1. c. 



Low grounds along streams, in Oregon, and south to Humboldt Co., California, Kellocjcj and 

 Harford. A well-marked species, although the name is not always appropriate. 



§ 3. Sccdes of the globular involucre, or most of them, with a dilated and erosely lacer- 

 ate or cut-fringed scarious appendage. (Echinais, Cass., DC.) 



12. C. carlinoides, Schrank, var. Americanus, Gray. A foot or two high, 

 branching : leaves sinuately or sometimes deeply pinnatifid, more or less prickly, 



