PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Banda Oriental ; Wood on the South side 
of LagodeLospillos and Nee nae, 
Tweedie.—V ery closely allied to C. s 
pervirens, but the specimens before us 
of that species (from the Avignon Gar- 
den), have the capitula ovate or nearly 
globose, and the leaflets of the involucre 
(Hook et 
rn. o OS werk 
caule humili subsimplici scabro us 
ad capitulum dense foliato, foliis inden 
tis pu- 
enti-scabris, capitulo tu bined, cx 
ohio foliolis late scarioso -ma rginatis 
spinula rigidiuscula brevi terminatis, 
flosculis radii neutris.—C. aspera, Dom- 
bey, MSS. (non Linn.) — La Plasilla, 
cR E Bridges (n. 119); Cum- 
ing (n 
864. (5) dm elongata, o) 
— C. diluta, AZ? Salzm. Pl. Ti 
(certe). Buenos tsi geb d 
ien, Tweedie. 
865. Ce ues (ake ae esf.) — 
Buche: Ayres (cult.) Tı 
866. (7.) ORE ea Tae —Less. 
n vara . 86.—C. Americana, Spr 
st. Veg. 3. p. 407. 
Ez n 
.—Juan ‘ 
Valparaiso, Bridges (n. 116).—Plen- 
Y on all dry ban 
ve seen, do not differ fróm this spe- 
cies, 
867. (8.) Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn.— 
Monte Video, rough places by the side 
9f La Plata or introduced). — 
e 
868. 
ng good profit nn d 
tle cost ; : zs ss A peter 
R general tee for iiebeniue milk, Thick 
“the cong by simply dipping them into 
(To be continued.) 
M 
111 
PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL 
OBSERVATIONS MADE IN CO- 
LUMBIA. 
By Professor William Jamieson, of Quito. 
(Communicated by the Author.) 
Climate is one of the first agents which 
operates on the propagation of the human 
race over the face of the globe, presenting 
itself sometimes as a benignant conductor ; 
at others raising a hostile barrier which 
science and industry slowly overcome. 
The Spaniards, who peopled that part of 
South America, now under consideration, 
as soon as they had formed, on the coast, 
the establishments necessary to preserve 
their connexion with the mother country, 
seem to have traversed, hastily, the fertile 
. but insalubrious low-lands, to meet on the 
Cordillera, a temperature adapted to their 
habits and constitution. The dominion of 
the Incas had, upon similar principles, ex- 
tended itself along the immense ridge; 
and the descendants of the conquerors and 
conquered are, to this day, found united 
on the same elevations, from whence the 
population has descended gradually into 
. the plains; and would have done so much 
more slowly, but for the importation of the 
African race, who find, on the sandy coast 
ultry s savannah, a climate congenial 
of the bronzed race, which constituted the 
empire of the Incas and of the Zipas, has 
, constantly exhibited a constitutional type so 
different from the tribes of the same race, 
now thinly scattered through the plains 
The dominion of the Incas 
itself in the lowlands. 
tion of the dry narrow tract of the Peru- 
vian coast, their empire was exclusively 
of the mountains; and the Indians who 
speak the Quichua or general language of 
the pe still — ya same prefer- 
ence for cold an , sleep- 
ing in the open air, rather than andik a 
roof, and exhibiting an unsurmountable 
repugnance to descend into the hot coun- 
try, where they fall victims more rapidly 
